The development of skeletal disorders in larval and juvenile fish is linked to a poorly understood relationship between nutrition, environment and genetic factors. These disorders are often a complex ...mixture, including vertebral and spinal malformations. In marine fish hatcheries, neck deformities, and vertebral and spinal disorders are most abundant. Fish bones are found in all shapes and sizes. They have a wide diversity of cartilages and bones with chondro- and osteogenic cells. Bone and cartilages may develop during embryonic, larval, juvenile or adult stages under normal ontogeny as well as during pathological states, wound repair and bone regeneration. Three types of cells play a significant role in the bone remodeling process and bone formation, resorption and mineralization; osteoblasts (bone forming cells), osteocytes (entrapped inside the bone matrix), and osteoclasts (multinucleated bone resorbing cells).
Unfortunately, limited research effort has been directed to characterize the pathological changes associated with disorders linked to nutrient deficiencies in fish. Fish contain a significant amount of lipid and micronutrients in skeletal tissues including collagen, which are particularly susceptible to lipid peroxidation. A brief review of the current state of knowledge on the role of key nutrients in the pathogenesis of skeletal deformities with an emphasis on minerals (calcium, phosphorus and trace elements), vitamins (A, D, C, E and K), lipid and nutrient interactions is presented. Bone deformities associated with nutrient deficiencies and toxicities in various fish can provide an excellent model to study gene action, cell differentiation, morphogenesis, species differences in phenotypic expression of genetic abnormalities, deposition of calcium, phosphorus and other trace elements in cartilage and skeletal tissues in response to vitamins and hormones and nutrient interactions.
COVID vaccination protects individuals and helps end the pandemic, but a sizable minority in Western countries rejects the vaccine. Vaccination status should serve as a group membership, critical ...communication between groups undermines trust, and we accordingly suggest that calls to get vaccinated by vaccinated sources lead to defensive rejection instead of desired behavior change. We term this the vaccination rift effect. A unique collaboration with national print, online and TV news media yielded a large (N = 1170), age-representative sample of Austrian citizens for our fully randomized experiment. Participants exhibited the vaccination rift: They ascribed less constructive motives, d = 0.28, 95% CI 0.17; 0.40, experienced more threat, d = - 0.30, 95% CI - 0.42; - 0.19, and ascribed worse personality characteristics to vaccinated (vs. unvaccinated) commenters, d = 0.17, 95% CI 0.06; 0.29. Constructiveness consistently predicted behavioral measures of counterarguing and vaccination planning (indirect effects B = 0.033, SE = 0.013 and B = - 0.056, SE = 0.014). The vaccination rift was substantially stronger among the critical group of unvaccinated participants, ds = |0.39-0.52|, than among those fully vaccinated, ds = |0.08-0.17|. We discuss how to apply these psychological mechanics of the vaccination rift to public campaigns.
Neuroimaging biomarkers that can detect white matter (WM) pathology after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and predict long-term outcome are needed to improve care and develop therapies. We used ...diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) to investigate WM microstructure cross-sectionally and longitudinally after mTBI and correlate these with neuropsychological performance. Cross-sectionally, early decreases of fractional anisotropy and increases of mean diffusivity corresponded to WM regions with elevated free water fraction on NODDI. This elevated free water was more extensive in the patient subgroup reporting more early postconcussive symptoms. The longer-term longitudinal WM changes consisted of declining neurite density on NODDI, suggesting axonal degeneration from diffuse axonal injury for which NODDI is more sensitive than DTI. Therefore, NODDI is a more sensitive and specific biomarker than DTI for WM microstructural changes due to mTBI that merits further study for mTBI diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring.
A series of four studies demonstrates that, across different operationalizations of level of construal, different types of activities, and for both the self and another person as targets, construing ...activities in high-level terms fosters perception of the more distal future as appropriate for their enactment. Specifically, the studies show that thinking about superordinate “why” (rather than subordinate “how”) aspects of actions, about the implications of actions for one’s personality (rather than the objects that would be used in performing the action), and about abstract (rather than concrete) aspects of actions leads people to expect the actions to be performed in the more distant future. These results suggest that the association of level of construal and time perspective is bi-directional, in that time perspective affects level of construal and, in addition, level of construal affects time perspective.
Construal Level and Procrastination McCrea, Sean M.; Liberman, Nira; Trope, Yaacov ...
Psychological science,
12/2008, Letnik:
19, Številka:
12
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
According to construal-level theory, events that are distant in time tend to be represented more abstractly than are events that are close in time. This mental association between level of ...abstractness and temporal distance is proposed to be a bidirectional relationship, such that level of representation of an event should also have effects on the time when the activity is performed. In the present studies, participants were asked to respond to a questionnaire via e-mail within 3 weeks. The questionnaire was designed to induce either an abstract or a concrete construal. Using a variety of manipulations of construal level, the studies supported the predictions of construal-level theory. Individuals were less likely to procrastinate performing the task when the questionnaire induced a more concrete construal. Furthermore, this effect did not depend on the attractiveness, importance, or perceived difficulty of the task.
The association of medical experts with politically left-leaning cities and states early in the COVID-19 pandemic may have exacerbated vaccine hesitancy in right-leaning states of the US. Criticism ...from outside experts violates rules of communication between social groups (i.e. an
), leading to rejection of messages promoting vaccine safety and efficacy. In two studies, we document the effects of shared geographical group membership for medical expert messages promoting vaccination. We also found evidence that satisfying conversational norms against intergroup criticism reduces message rejection. Specifically, an invitation from ingroup political elites for a doctor to speak reduced the negative effects of unshared group identity.
Understanding mechanisms of resistance to abiraterone, one of the primary drugs approved for the treatment of castration resistant prostate cancer, remains a priority. The organic anion polypeptide ...1B3 (OATP1B3, encoded by SLCO1B3) transporter has been shown to transport androgens into prostate cancer cells. In this study we observed and investigated the mechanism of induction of SLCO1B3 by abiraterone. Prostate cancer cells (22Rv1, LNCaP, and VCAP) were treated with anti-androgens and assessed for SLCO1B3 expression by qPCR analysis. Abiraterone treatment increased SLCO1B3 expression in 22Rv1 cells in vitro and in the 22Rv1 xenograft model in vivo. MicroRNA profiling of abiraterone-treated 22Rv1 cells was performed using a NanoString nCounter miRNA panel followed by miRNA target prediction. TargetScan and miRanda prediction tools identified hsa-miR-579-3p as binding to the 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) of the SLCO1B3. Using dual luciferase reporter assays, we verified that hsa-miR-579-3p indeed binds to the SLCO1B3 3'UTR and significantly inhibited SLCO1B3 reporter activity. Treatment with abiraterone significantly downregulated hsa-miR-579-3p, indicating its potential role in upregulating SLCO1B3 expression. In this study, we demonstrated a novel miRNA-mediated mechanism of abiraterone-induced SLCO1B3 expression, a transporter that is also responsible for driving androgen deprivation therapy resistance. Understanding mechanisms of abiraterone resistance mediated via differential miRNA expression will assist in the identification of potential miRNA biomarkers of treatment resistance and the development of future therapeutics.
A study was conducted to characterize the effects of oxidized marine fish oil (MFO) on skeletal development in juvenile Atlantic halibut (
Hippoglossus hippoglossus) and to determine the role of ...vitamin E on their bone health and antioxidant defense mechanisms. Juvenile halibut (4.5
±
0.1 g) were fed six experimental diets containing untreated (peroxide value (POV)
=0.6 meq kg
−
1
), mod`rately oxidized (POV
=
7.5 meq kg
−
1
) and highly oxidized (POV
=
15 meq kg
−
1
) MFO either with or without α-tocopherol acetate (0 or 300 IU kg
−
1
) supplementation for 14 weeks. No significant effects on growth, survival, hepatosomatic indices, or hematocrit were observed among the dietary treatments. Fish fed diets without vitamin E and highly oxidized dietary lipids showed increased hepatic malonaldehyde concentrations indicating a response to oxidative stress. Both muscle and liver α-tocopherol concentrations were significantly lower in fish fed diets without vitamin E supplementation. Alkaline phosphatase levels in serum and bone were increased when vitamin E was present within the diet indicating higher bone formation activity by osteoblasts. Oxidized lipids and lack of dietary vitamin E significantly increased saturated and decreased polyunsaturated hepatic fatty acids. Liver lipids of fish fed diets without vitamin E also exhibited a lower ratio of 22:6n-3 to 22:5n-3 and n-3 fatty acids. The most frequent skeletal deformity observed was scoliosis, spanning the cephalic/prehemal regions, as well as the anterior hemal region of the vertebral column, which increased the frequency according to elevated levels of oxidized dietary lipid. Lordosis was also observed, with no specific pattern along the vertebral column. The pattern and type of abnormalities observed were similar to those reported in an earlier study in halibut from a commercial hatchery.
Recent innovations in representative bureaucracy push the theory toward the micro‐foundations of who represents and who receives representation. Contributing to the micro theory, I draw from ...street‐level bureaucracy which recognizes how certain client characteristics beyond a shared identity may make representation too costly. Using data on emergency department visits to Florida hospitals, I explore how the impact of physician‐patient gender matching on client outcomes is moderated by a patient's insurance status. While emergency departments offer universal, public access, services performed on publicly insured and uninsured individuals are reimbursed at a lower rate than the privately insured. These features present an opportunity to test how responsive representation is to different client costs and benefits. The findings suggest that public insurance status is not a barrier for women's representation. However, uninsured women do not see any improvement in outcomes when receiving representation.
Approximately 300 000 sport-related concussions occur annually in the United States, and the likelihood of serious sequelae may increase with repeated head injury.
To estimate the incidence of ...concussion and time to recovery after concussion in collegiate football players.
Prospective cohort study of 2905 football players from 25 US colleges were tested at preseason baseline in 1999, 2000, and 2001 on a variety of measures and followed up prospectively to ascertain concussion occurrence. Players injured with a concussion were monitored until their concussion symptoms resolved and were followed up for repeat concussions until completion of their collegiate football career or until the end of the 2001 football season.
Incidence of concussion and repeat concussion; type and duration of symptoms and course of recovery among players who were injured with a concussion during the seasons.
During follow-up of 4251 player-seasons, 184 players (6.3%) had a concussion, and 12 (6.5%) of these players had a repeat concussion within the same season. There was an association between reported number of previous concussions and likelihood of incident concussion. Players reporting a history of 3 or more previous concussions were 3.0 (95% confidence interval, 1.6-5.6) times more likely to have an incident concussion than players with no concussion history. Headache was the most commonly reported symptom at the time of injury (85.2%), and mean overall symptom duration was 82 hours. Slowed recovery was associated with a history of multiple previous concussions (30.0% of those with > or =3 previous concussions had symptoms lasting >1 week compared with 14.6% of those with 1 previous concussion). Of the 12 incident within-season repeat concussions, 11 (91.7%) occurred within 10 days of the first injury, and 9 (75.0%) occurred within 7 days of the first injury.
Our study suggests that players with a history of previous concussions are more likely to have future concussive injuries than those with no history; 1 in 15 players with a concussion may have additional concussions in the same playing season; and previous concussions may be associated with slower recovery of neurological function.
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