This review aims to (a) identify correlates of youth sport attrition, (b) frame correlates within a multilevel model of youth sport participation (i.e., biological, intra-personal, inter-personal, ...institutional, community, and policy levels), and (c) assess the level of evidence for each correlate.
Review paper.
Systematic review method.
Entering relevant search terms into PubMed, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus and Web of Knowledge databases identified 23 articles with a total of 8345 participants. Satisfactory articles largely examined sport-specific attrition and sampled youth from western countries (e.g., Canada, France, Spain, United States). Of the 141 correlates examined, most were framed at the intrapersonal (90) and inter-personal levels (43). The level of evidence for each correlate (i.e., high, low, insufficient) was systematically assessed based on the quantity and quality of supporting articles. In total, 11 correlates were categorized as having a high quality level of evidence and 10 as having a low quality. High quality correlates included, among others, age, autonomy, perceived competence, relatedness, and task climate.
Overall, established correlates of youth sport attrition are largely social in nature. Future directions surrounding (a) the need to examine correlates at lower (i.e., biological level) and higher (i.e., institutional, community, policy) analytic levels, (b) to sample participants from more culturally diverse societies and (c) to examine sport-general attrition are offered.
•The study of youth sport attrition is fragmented.•Basic Needs Theory is the most supported theory of youth sport attrition.•Researchers have primarily relied on youth from western countries.•Biological and contextual variables are under explored.•The study of youth sport attrition needs more methodological diversity.
Citation network analysis McLaren, Colin D.; Bruner, Mark W.
International review of sport and exercise psychology,
12/31/2022, Letnik:
15, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Knowledge is socially constructed, and one way that researchers convey knowledge is through citation practices within research texts to illustrate the foundation upon which current research is ...designed and results interpreted. Citation network analysis (CNA) is a review method that seeks to map the scientific structure of a field of research as a function of citation practices. Generally speaking, research texts that receive more citations from others symbolizes a degree of prominence to a field of study; however, the more common approaches to synthesizing research in the form of a review (e.g. meta-analyses, systematic reviews) are not able to capture these underlying metrics. Given that CNA is relatively new to the field of sport and exercise psychology, we first provide an overview of the method, including a brief review of network theory, existing research in the field of sport and exercise psychology, and some of the important limitations to consider. Then, we offer a series of guidelines to direct CNA reviews from the conception of a research question to the visualization of a citation network. Finally, we conclude the review with an overview of recent methodological advancements with potential to expand research questions and benefit future citation network research.
Objective: While emerging evidence points to a reliable link between sport team member communication and perceived cohesion, less is known about potential boundary conditions. This study examined the ...moderating effect of psychological safety, which captures how members perceive and value their team environment, as one construct that may qualify the communication-cohesion relationship. Method: Team sport athletes (N = 135; Mage = 22.49 years, SD = 5.8) completed measures of cooperative communication, psychological safety, and task cohesion (individual attractions to the group ATG-Task and group integration GI-Task) using a concurrent online questionnaire. Result: Cooperative communication was positively related to both ATG- and GI-Task (all ps < .001). Dimensions of psychological safety also were found to be significant moderators of the cooperative communication/task cohesion relationship. As hypothesized, when psychological safety was higher, there was no relationship between cooperative communication perceptions and perceptions of task cohesion. However, when psychological safety levels were lower, cooperative communication perceptions were positively related to perceptions of task cohesion. This pattern emerged both for ATG- and GI-Task. Conclusion: In addition to replicating and extending past research, the results also provide preliminary evidence suggesting that perceptions of psychological safety may serve to qualify the cooperative communication-task cohesion relationship in team sport.
Highlights and Implications
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Team sport athletes who perceived a higher degree of cooperative communication within their team perceived greater task cohesiveness. This replicated past research examining task cohesion from the group aspect (GI-Task) and extended it to an individual aspect of task cohesion (ATG-Task).
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Perceived psychological safety emerged as a significant boundary condition that qualified this relationship. The moderation findings were consistent across individual and group aspects of task cohesion.
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When psychological safety was perceived as higher, there was no relationship between cooperative communication perceptions and athlete perceptions of task cohesion. However, when psychological safety was lower, cooperative communication perception was positively related to perceived task cohesion.
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These findings provide preliminary data suggesting that the relationship between communication and task cohesion may differ based on how psychologically safe members feel within the team.
Since the 1980s, research on relative age effects (RAEs) consistently shows that relatively older individuals are advantaged in sport and other contexts. With the recent proliferation of studies on ...RAEs, periodic knowledge synthesis becomes imperative. Our purpose was to conduct a cross-disciplinary citation network analysis of RAEs literature to enhance our knowledge of RAEs citation structures and the interconnectivity of RAEs studies. We analysed 484 RAEs articles found in Web of Science that were published before 2022. Descriptive results revealed a 12.6% annual growth rate for total RAEs articles published since 1980. The articles appeared in 151 journals, had 1,180 unique authors, and averaged 23.9 citations received. Three theoretical/review papers had the most substantial influence on the field. For the conceptual structure of the field, it was apparent that RAEs research focused mainly on sport performance, maturity, and competition. Regarding intellectual structure, three distinct clusters of articles were cited together, and 13 authorship clusters were detected with few between-cluster connections. The results describe a field with productivity but little interconnectivity among authors and papers. We offer insights into this trend and the role that influential authors/articles have in the field.
Organized sport is a context in which to promote positive youth development (PYD). Interventions with a PYD lens are often implemented to promote a wide range of physical or psychosocial benefits ...through sport participation. To date, no meta-analytic review of the effect of these interventions has been conducted. This is important because such interventions are held in high regard when it comes to policy development. In the present study, we conducted seven meta-analyses to evaluate the overall effect of sport-based interventions on PYD outcomes. Aspects of the study design and sample also were tested as moderators. In total, 35 studies (from 29 published articles) reporting on 74 effect sizes highlighted small to medium effects of PYD interventions on competence, confidence, and life skills outcomes. No significant overall effects were found for outcomes related to character, connection, PYD climate, and health. Further, moderation analyses showed that: (a) character was moderated by study design, sport type, and study duration; (b) competence was moderated by design and participant sex; and, (c) life skills were moderated by design, sport type, duration, and participant age. Implications for theory and practice concerning the use of sport-based interventions to influence PYD are discussed.
The purpose of this study was to investigate coach-initiated motivational climate and its relationship with athlete well-being, resilience, and psychological safety in competitive sport. In addition ...to independent relationships between task- and ego-related climates and the study outcomes, this research also explored the potential additive effects of task and ego climate together to understand if a task climate can buffer against the negative impacts of an ego climate. Self-report survey data were collected from competitive soccer players across Ontario, Canada ( N = 298; M age = 20.38; 58.72% male). Using multiple linear regression, a perceived task-related climate was a significant positive predictor of well-being ( ß = .33), resilience ( ß = .31), and psychological safety ( ß = .54, all ps < .001). A higher perceived ego-related climate was a significant negative predictor of psychological safety ( ß = −.23, p < .001), and not significantly related to well-being and resilience. Partial support for the additive effect of task- and ego-related climate together was found for psychological safety, but not well-being or resilience. Specifically, athletes in the latent profile characterized by average task and higher ego scored higher on psychological safety compared with lower task and higher ego climate perceptions. The increase in psychological safety between these two profiles was observed despite both having higher ego-related climates. Although future research is required, the findings offer meaningful contributions to theory and practice in the context of competitive soccer teams.
Objective: The identity of a group is captured in prototypical members who are perceived to embody the characteristics that define the group. The specific attributes of this group prototype can serve ...to enhance perceived intragroup similarity if attributes of prototypes are common across group members, or to maximize intergroup differences if attributes are ideal. This study tested the association between identity prototypes perceived as demonstrating common or ideal attributes and perceptions of team cohesiveness. Method: Athletes (n = 102) from 15 competitive adult basketball teams reported (a) the degree to which their prototypical group member (i.e., prototype) had attributes that were common and ideal and (b) perceptions of task and social cohesion. Results: A significant multivariate regression, R2 = .19, p < .001, provided preliminary evidence that measures of task, β = .51, p < .001, 95% CI .28, .75, and social cohesion, β = .79, p < .001, 95% CI .40, 1.19, were positively related to a group prototype reflecting attributes common across teammates. However, no relationship emerged for task or social cohesion when the perception of the prototypical member's attributes was reported as being ideal (p > .45). Conclusion: These findings provide preliminary evidence that the attributes that team members assign as signifying the prototypical team member may be associated with the degree to which their team is viewed as cohesive.
Highlights and Implications
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The current findings suggest that group prototype is associated with perceptions of team cohesiveness in the team sport setting.
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In groups where the prototypical member was perceived to possess attributes that were common to others in the group, athletes reported a higher degree of task and social cohesion.
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No relationship emerged with either task or social cohesion when the prototypical group member was perceived to possess ideal attributes.
Through interactions with important social agents (coaches, parents, and peers), youth athletes will infer that being successful in sport falls somewhere along the continuum between (a) improvement ...and hard work and (b) winning at all costs. The environment created as a result of these interactions has important implications for athlete mental health and future sport participation. This study examined the relationships between peer-initiated motivational climate, athlete wellbeing, and intention to return to the team. Youth athletes (N = 130; Mage = 13.45 years) from nine competitive ice hockey teams completed a questionnaire near the end of season. Using mixed-effects linear modeling, findings revealed that a task-related peer climate significantly predicted wellbeing (β = 0.32, 95% CI 0.18, 0.47) and intention to return (β = 0.43, 95% CI 0.17, 0.68), whereas an ego-related peer climate was not significantly related to wellbeing (β = 0.10, 95% CI −0.07, 0.26) or intentions to return (β = −0.29, 95% CI −0.58, 0.01).
It has been reported in past research that information exchange at the individual and team level (i.e., communication network structure) is associated with higher perceived task cohesion and team ...performance. The current study extended these findings to intact sport teams and tested these relationships across time. Competitive basketball athletes (N = 133, k = 15; Mage = 27.4, SD = 7.5 years) completed measures of information exchange with teammates during a game (peer nominations using social network analysis) and task cohesion. Performance was collected using objective winning percentage. A prospective design across the first half of a competitive season was used. Controlling for early season perceptions of task cohesion, interacting with a higher number of teammates, and higher collective information exchange at the team level at early season significantly predicted later task cohesion perceptions (n = 70; pseudo R2 = .49). Using a multilevel model, the overall variance accounted for was captured at both the individual (42%) and team (7%) level. In a second analysis, a hierarchical regression controlling for early season team performance found that information exchange of the team as a whole at early season significantly predicted team performance (n = 109; Radj2 = .48, p < .001). These results highlight a pattern of relationships between information exchange and both task cohesion and team performance consistent with past theorizing. In terms of uniqueness, specific aspects of information exchange (i.e., individual vs. team level network structure) differed for each dependent variable.
The purpose of the present study was to examine the reciprocal relationship between peer-initiated motivational climate and group cohesion. Measures of peer climate and cohesion were completed across ...the first half of a competitive season. Controlling for early season perceptions of the dependent variables, hierarchical regression results from 189 participants revealed that early season ego-related climate negatively predicted task cohesion near midseason (p <.01), and task cohesion at early season positively predicted task-related climate at midseason (p <.01). The current study offers preliminary insight into the direction of the relationships between the two constructs in competitive youth sport.
