We present a 5.4 σ detection of the pairwise kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich (kSZ) effect using Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) and Planck CMB observations in combination with Luminous Red Galaxy ...samples from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) DR15 catalog. Results are obtained using three ACT CMB maps: co-added 150 and 98 GHz maps, combining observations from 2008–2018 (ACT DR5), which overlap with SDSS DR15 over 3,700 sq. deg., and a component-separated map using night-time only observations from 2014–2015 (ACT DR4), overlapping with SDSS DR15 over 2,089 sq. deg. Comparisons of the results from these three maps provide consistency checks in relation to potential frequency-dependent foreground contamination. A total of 343,647 galaxies are used as tracers to identify and locate galaxy groups and clusters from which the kSZ signal is extracted using aperture photometry. We consider the impact of various aperture photometry assumptions and covariance estimation methods on the signal extraction. Theoretical predictions of the pairwise velocities are used to obtain best-fit, mass-averaged, optical depth estimates for each of five luminosity-selected tracer samples. A comparison of the kSZ-derived optical depth measurements obtained here to those derived from the thermal SZ effect for the same sample is presented in a companion paper.
We present measurements of the E-mode polarization angular auto-power spectrum (EE) and temperature-E-mode cross-power spectrum (TE) of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) using 150 GHz data from ...three seasons of SPTpol observations. We report the power spectra over the spherical harmonic multipole range and detect nine acoustic peaks in the EE spectrum with high signal-to-noise ratio. These measurements are the most sensitive to date of the EE and TE power spectra at and , respectively. The observations cover 500 , a fivefold increase in area compared to previous SPTpol analyses, which increases our sensitivity to the photon diffusion damping tail of the CMB power spectra enabling tighter constraints on ΛCDM model extensions. After masking all sources with unpolarized flux mJy, we place a 95% confidence upper limit on residual polarized point-source power of at , suggesting that the EE damping tail dominates foregrounds to at least with modest source masking. We find that the SPTpol data set is in mild tension with the ΛCDM model ( ), and different data splits prefer parameter values that differ at the level. When fitting SPTpol data at , we find cosmological parameter constraints consistent with those for Planck temperature. Including SPTpol data at results in a preference for a higher value of the expansion rate ( ) and a lower value for present-day density fluctuations ( ).
We present a measurement of the cosmic microwave background lensing potential using 500 deg2 of 150 GHz data from the SPTpol receiver on the South Pole Telescope. The lensing potential is ...reconstructed with signal-to-noise per mode greater than unity at lensing multipoles L 250, using a quadratic estimator on a combination of cosmic microwave background temperature and polarization maps. We report measurements of the lensing potential power spectrum in the multipole range of 100 < L < 2000 from sets of temperature-only (T), polarization-only (POL), and minimum-variance (MV) estimators. We measure the lensing amplitude by taking the ratio of the measured spectrum to the expected spectrum from the best-fit Λ cold dark matter model to the Planck 2015 TT + low P + lensing data set. For the minimum-variance estimator, we find A MV = 0.944 0.058 ( Stat . ) 0.025 ( Sys . ) ; restricting to only polarization data, we find A POL = 0.906 0.090 ( Stat . ) 0.040 ( Sys . ) . Considering statistical uncertainties alone, this is the most precise polarization-only lensing amplitude constraint to date (10.1 ) and is more precise than our temperature-only constraint. We perform null tests and consistency checks and find no evidence for significant contamination.
The 10 Meter South Pole Telescope Carlstrom, J. E.; Ade, P. A. R.; Aird, K. A. ...
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific,
05/2011, Letnik:
123, Številka:
903
Journal Article
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The South Pole Telescope (SPT) is a 10 m diameter, wide-field, offset Gregorian telescope with a 966 pixel, multicolor, millimeter-wave, bolometer camera. It is located at the Amundsen-Scott South ...Pole station in Antarctica. The design of the SPT emphasizes careful control of spillover and scattering, to minimize noise and false signals due to ground pickup. The key initial project is a large-area survey at wavelengths of 3, 2, and 1.3 mm, to detect clusters of galaxies via the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect and to measure the small-scale angular power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). The data will be used to characterize the primordial matter power spectrum and to place constraints on the equation of state of dark energy. A second-generation camera will measure the polarization of the CMB, potentially leading to constraints on the neutrino mass and the energy scale of inflation.
The fundamental questions of what represents a macronutritionally balanced diet and how this maintains health and longevity remain unanswered. Here, the Geometric Framework, a state-space nutritional ...modeling method, was used to measure interactive effects of dietary energy, protein, fat, and carbohydrate on food intake, cardiometabolic phenotype, and longevity in mice fed one of 25 diets ad libitum. Food intake was regulated primarily by protein and carbohydrate content. Longevity and health were optimized when protein was replaced with carbohydrate to limit compensatory feeding for protein and suppress protein intake. These consequences are associated with hepatic mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation and mitochondrial function and, in turn, related to circulating branched-chain amino acids and glucose. Calorie restriction achieved by high-protein diets or dietary dilution had no beneficial effects on lifespan. The results suggest that longevity can be extended in ad libitum-fed animals by manipulating the ratio of macronutrients to inhibit mTOR activation.
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•Food intake is regulated primarily by dietary protein and carbohydrate•Low-protein, high-carbohydrate diets are associated with the longest lifespans•Energy reduction from high-protein diets or dietary dilution does not extend life•Diet influences hepatic mTOR via branched-chain amino acids and glucose
Solon-Biet et al. look at whether health and aging are influenced by macronutrient balance or calorie intake in mice by investigating the effects of diets differing in protein, carbohydrate, and fat content. Diets low in protein and high in carbohydrates increase lifespan, while calorie restriction through high-protein diets does not extend life.
In mice, there is evidence suggesting that the development of head and
trunk structures is organized by distinctly separated cell populations. The head organizer is located in the anterior visceral ...endoderm
(AVE) and the trunk organizer in the node and anterior primitive streak. In
amphibians, Spemann's organizer, which is homologous to the node, partially
overlaps with anterior endoderm cells expressing homologues of the AVE markers
cerberus, Hex and Hesx1 (refs 3,4,5,6).
For mice, this raises the question of whether the AVE and node are independent
of each other, as suggested by their anatomical separation, or functionally
interdependent as is the case in amphibians. Chordin
and Noggin are secreted bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonists expressed in the mouse node, but not in the AVE. Here we show
that mice double-homozygous mutants that are for chordin and noggin
display severe defects in the development of the prosencephalon. The
results show that BMP antagonists in the node and its derivatives are required
for head development.
The pelvis rotates in the sagittal plane during daily activities. These rotations have a direct effect on the functional orientation of the acetabulum. The aim of this study was to quantify changes ...in pelvic tilt between different functional positions.
Pre-operatively, pelvic tilt was measured in 1517 patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA) in three functional positions - supine, standing and flexed seated (the moment when patients initiate rising from a seated position). Supine pelvic tilt was measured from CT scans, standing and flexed seated pelvic tilts were measured from standardised lateral radiographs. Anterior pelvic tilt was assigned a positive value.
The mean pelvic tilt was 4.2° (-20.5° to 24.5°), -1.3° (-30.2° to 27.9°) and 0.6° (-42.0° to 41.3°) in the three positions, respectively. The mean sagittal pelvic rotation from supine to standing was -5.5° (-21.8° to 8.4°), from supine to flexed seated was -3.7° (-48.3° to 38.6°) and from standing to flexed seated was 1.8° (-51.8° to 39.5°). In 259 patients (17%), the extent of sagittal pelvic rotation could lead to functional malorientation of the acetabular component. Factoring in an intra-operative delivery error of ± 5° extends this risk to 51% of patients.
Planning and measurement of the intended position of the acetabular component in the supine position may fail to predict clinically significant changes in its orientation during functional activities, as a consequence of individual pelvic kinematics. Optimal orientation is patient-specific and requires an evaluation of functional pelvic tilt pre-operatively. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:184-91.
Noggin is a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist expressed in Spemann's organizer. Murine Noggin is expressed in condensing cartilage and immature chondrocytes, as are many BMPs. In mice ...lacking Noggin, cartilage condensations initiated normally but developed hyperplasia, and initiation of joint development failed as measured by the expression of growth and differentiation factor-5. The maturation of cartilage and Hoxd expression were unaffected. Excess BMP activity in the absence of Noggin antagonism may enhance the recruitment of cells into cartilage, resulting in oversized growth plates; chondrocytes are also refractory to joint-inducing positional cues.
Context: Patients with elevated PTH and consistently normal serum calcium levels, in whom secondary causes of hyperparathyroidism have been excluded, may represent the earliest presentation of ...primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT).
Objective: The objective of the study was to characterize patients with normocalcemic PHPT referred to a bone disease unit.
Design: This was a longitudinal cohort study.
Setting: Ambulatory patients were referred to the metabolic bone disease unit.
Patients: The study population included 37 patients aged 58 yr, range 32–78; 95% female; serum calcium, 9.4 ± 0.1 (sem) mg/dl (2.3 ± 0.02 mmol/liter), reference range, 8.5–10.4 (2.1–2.6 mmol/liter); PTH, 93 ± 5 pg/ml.
Interventions: Interventions included yearly (median 3 yr; range 1–8 yr) physical examination, biochemical indices, and bone mineral density (BMD).
Main Outcome Measures: We measured the development of features of PHPT.
Results: Evaluation for classical features of PHPT revealed a history of kidney stones in five (14%), fragility fractures in four (11%), and osteoporosis in 57% spine (34%), hip (38%), and/or distal one third radius (28%). BMD did not show preferential bone loss at the distal one third radius (T scores: spine, −2.00 ± 0.25; hip, −1.84 ± 0.18; one third radius, −1.74 ± 0.22). Further signs of PHPT developed in 40% (seven hypercalcemia; one kidney stone; one fracture; two marked hypercalciuria; six had >10% BMD loss at one or more site(s) including four patients developing World Health Organization criteria for osteoporosis). Seven patients (three hypercalcemic, four persistently normocalcemic) underwent successful parathyroidectomy.
Conclusions: Patients seen in a referral center with normocalcemic hyperparathyroidism have more substantial skeletal involvement than is typical in PHPT and develop more features and complications over time. These patients may represent the earliest form of symptomatic, rather than asymptomatic, PHPT.
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