Aim
The aim of this study was to identify physical behaviour phenotypes in mothers in the first trimester and in their offspring at 24 months of age. The secondary aim was to examine relationships ...between mother and child behaviours with child body composition at age 24 months.
Methods
Longitudinal secondary analysis of the Glowing cohort collected between 1 February 2011 and 22 August 2017 in Little Rock, Arkansas. Behaviours were measured using ankle‐worn accelerometers in mothers during the first trimester and offspring at 24 months of age, including total activity, sleep, sedentary time and a novel variable of daily variation, patternicity. Child body fat was measured using quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance.
Results
Three phenotypes were identified for mothers and children (n = 159 complete dyads). There were no relationships between mother and child phenotypes, but higher maternal patternicity was associated with higher child patternicity (0.2, 95% CI 0.1, 0.3, p = 0.001). There were no associations between mother or child phenotypes with child body composition, however higher child activity was associated with lower body fat (−0.01, 95% CI: −0.02, −0.001, p = 0.031).
Conclusion
Limited associations were found between mothers' pregnancy physical behaviours with child behaviours or child body composition at 24 months of age. Factors such as child diet or current parental physical activity may be better predictors of early childhood outcomes.
Objectives
Patterns of physical behaviors including physical activity, sedentary time, and sleep are unknown during pregnancy, but are likely to influence health outcomes. The purpose was to first ...identify “physical behavior phenotypes” from accelerometer-measured physical behaviors in pregnant women during the first trimester and secondly, to explore the associations between the identified phenotypes with demographic variables and body-mass-index (BMI).
Methods
Data were from the Glowing Study (gov ID: NCT01131117), collected between 2011 and 2017 with accelerometer-measured physical behaviors of women in their 12th week of pregnancy. Latent class analysis was used to identify patterns of total physical activity, sleep time, sedentary time, and variation in physical activity. Maternal Body-Mass-Index (BMI). BMI and sociodemographic characteristics were compared between physical behavior phenotypes.
Results
A total of 212 pregnant women were included in the study (mean age 30.2 years (range 22.1 to 42.4), mean days wear 4.3 (SD 0.7)). Three physical behavior phenotypes were identified from the four physical behavior constructs: low sedentary and stable activity (n = 136, 64%), variable activity (n = 39, 18%), high sedentary and low sleep (n = 37, 17%). BMI, race, and education were significantly different between the three phenotypes, with the low sedentary and stable activity phenotype having the lowest BMI and a higher percentage of white and college educated women.
Conclusions for Practice
Total physical activity and physical behavior phenotypes during the first trimester were associated with early-pregnancy BMI, race, and education. Future research should examine whether these physical behavior phenotypes are associated with maternal and child health outcomes.
Significance
What is already known on this subject?
Physical activity and sleep are complex behaviors that influence health, however, little is known on patterns of these behaviors among women in their first trimesters.
What this study adds?
Three physical behavior phenotypes were identified in women during their first trimester. Maternal BMI, race, and education differed between the groups. Examining these behaviors together may help to better understand health in pregnant women and to help improve physical behaviors.
The purpose of this study was to identify unique organized sport trajectories from early childhood to late adolescence in an Australian pregnancy cohort, the Raine Study.
Participation in organized ...sport was assessed at ages 5, 8, 10, 14, and 17 yr. Physical activity, body composition, and self-rated physical and mental health were assessed at the age of 20 yr. Latent class analysis was used to identify patterns of sport participation. To assess the internal validity of the trajectory classes, differences in health characteristics between trajectories were analyzed using generalized linear models.
For girls, three trajectory classes were identified: consistent sport participators (47.5%), sport dropouts (34.3%), and sport nonparticipators (18.1%). For boys, three trajectory classes were identified: consistent sport participators (55.2%), sport dropouts (36.9%), and sport joiners (8.1%). For girls, there were overall differences across trajectory classes in lean body mass (P = 0.003), lean mass index (P = 0.06), and physical health (P = 0.004). For boys, there were differences across classes in physical activity (P = 0.018), percent body fat (P = 0.002), lean body mass (P < 0.001), lean mass index (P < 0.001), physical health (P = 0.06), and depression scores (P = 0.27).
This study identified unique, sex-specific trajectories of organized sport participation. The differences in health outcomes between trajectory classes, such as participants with consistent sport participation having more preferable health outcomes at the age of 20 yr, support the internal validity of the trajectories. Strategies are needed to identify and encourage those in the dropout trajectory to maintain their participation and those in the nonparticipator or joiner trajectories to join sport earlier. Specifically, interventions to encourage early sport participation in girls and help nonparticipating boys to join sport during adolescence may help more children receive the benefits of sport participation.
Aim
Sleep behaviour is correlated and causally related to physical and mental health. Limited longitudinal data exist on the associations of poor sleep behaviour in childhood and adolescence with ...adult health. Parent‐reported sleep behaviours from 1993 participants of the Raine Study (at ages 5, 8, 10, 14, 17) were used to determine sleep trajectories (using latent class growth analysis).
Methods
Measures of physical and mental health were compared between sleep trajectories using generalised linear models (at age 20).
Results
Three sleep trajectories were identified as follows: 43% of participants belonged to a trajectory with ‘consistently minimal’ sleep problems, 49% showed some ‘declining’ in reporting of sleep problems incidence and 8% had ‘persistent’ sleep problems. Participants in the ‘consistently minimal’ trajectory had better physical and mental health outcomes at age 20 compared to those in the ‘declining’ and ‘persistent’ trajectories. For example, ‘consistently minimal’ participants had significantly lower body fat percentage (mean difference: −3.89% (95% CI: −7.41 to −0.38)) and a higher (better) SF‐12 mental component score (mean difference: 4.78 (95% CI: 2.35–7.21)) compared to participants in the ‘persistent’ trajectory.
Conclusion
Poor sleep behaviour across childhood and adolescent years is related to poorer physical and mental health in young adulthood.
Functional ability is often impaired for people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), rendering these patients highly sedentary. Additionally, patients with RA often take medication known to negatively ...affect bone mass. Thus improving functional ability and bone health in this group of patients is important. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of whole body vibration (WBV) therapy in patients with stable, established RA. Thirty one females with RA were randomly assigned to a control group (CON, n = 15) who continued with their normal activities or a WBV group (n = 16) who underwent a three month WBV therapy intervention, consisting of 15 minutes of intermittent vibration, performed twice per week. Patients were assessed at baseline, three months, and three months post intervention for functional ability using the modified Health Assessment Questionnaire; for RA disease activity using the Clinical Disease Activity Index, for quality of life using self-report fatigue and pain scores; for physical activity profiles using accelerometry, and for BMD and body composition using DXA. Patients in both groups were matched for all variables at baseline. After the intervention period, functional ability was significantly improved in the WBV group (1.22(0.19) to 0.92(0.19), p = 0.02). Hip BMD was significantly reduced in the CON group (0.97(0.05) to 0.84(0.05) g.cm(-2), p = 0.01), while no decreases were seen in the WBV group (1.01(0.05) to 0.94(0.05) g.cm(-2), p = 0.50). Despite no change in RA disease activity in either group at either follow up, fatigue levels were improved in the WBV group (4.4(0.63) to 1.1(0.65), yet remained unchanged in the CON group at both follow ups (p = 0.01). Ten minute bouts of light to moderate physical activity were significantly reduced in the CON group after the intervention (2.8(0.61) to 1.8(0.64) bouts per day, p = 0.01), and were preserved in the WBV group (3.1(0.59) to 3.0(0.61) bouts per day, p = 0.70). Intermittent WBV shows promise for sustained improvements in functional ability, for attenuating loss of bone mass at the hip, as well as for decreasing fatigue in patients with established RA.
Pan African Clinical Trials Registry PACTR201405000823418.
In the cancer survivorship context, physical activity and sedentary behavior have been measured using different methods.
To conduct a narrative review of published research in cancer survivor ...populations to summarize the quality and identify gaps in reporting on accelerometer data collection, data processing, and outcome measures in cancer survivors.
An initial PubMed® search of articles published in English was conducted in January 2017, and a final search was conducted in May 2017. Variables extracted included study characteristics, methods for accelerometry data collection (e.g., device used), data processing (e.g., cut points used), and data reporting (e.g., time spent in different activity intensities).
A total of 46 articles were eligible for inclusion in the review. The majority of studies (34 of 46) targeted a single cancer group and 18 of these 34 studies were in survivors of breast cancer. Half (54%) of the studies used an ActiGraph® accelerometer. Methods of accelerometer data processing varied across studies. Definitions of non-wear time, vectors used during processing, and filters applied during processing were reported by 51%, 60%, and 8% of studies, respectively. Most studies reported moderate and vigorous physical activity (78%), 50% reported sedentary time, and 43% reported light-intensity activity. Cut points to categorize these activities varied between studies.
This narrative review highlights inconsistency in the methods used to collect, process, and report accelerometry data across cancer survivor studies. Accelerometry has potential to add detailed knowledge of the levels and patterns of physical activities and sedentary behaviors across the cancer spectrum. Recommendations are made to improve data processing and reporting methods to maximize the scientific validity of future accelerometer research in this field.
Despite the well-known benefits of physical activity, less than half of adults aged 55-75 years participate in sufficient physical activity. Short bouts of vigorous intermittent lifestyle physical ...activity (VILPA) accumulated throughout the day can contribute toward the recommended volume of physical activity. A rich characterization of the barriers and facilitators to participation in VILPA is needed to develop targeted interventions. This scoping review aimed to identify barriers and facilitators to participation in different components of VILPA in adults aged 55-75 years, and to map barriers and facilitators to the Theoretical Domains Framework. Within the 18 eligible studies, the most prevalent barriers were related to a person's skills, environmental context, and social influences. Most facilitators were related to a person's goals, social influences, and environmental context. Interventions to promote VILPA should test the effectiveness of behavioral change measures related to the unique barriers and facilitators in this age group.
Improving dietary reporting among people living with obesity is challenging as many factors influence reporting accuracy. Reactive Reporting may occur in response to dietary recording, but little is ...known about how image-based methods influence this process. Using a 4-d image-based mobile food record (mFRTM), this study aimed to identify demographic and psychosocial correlates of measurement error and reactivity bias, among adults with BMI 25–40 kg/m2. Participants (n 155, aged 18–65 years) completed psychosocial questionnaires and kept a 4-d mFRTM. Energy expenditure (EE) was estimated using ≥ 4 d of hip-worn accelerometer data, and energy intake (EI) was measured using mFRTM. EI:EE ratios were calculated, and participants in the highest tertile were considered to have Plausible Intakes. Negative changes in EI according to regression slopes indicated Reactive Reporting. Mean EI was 72 % (sd = 21) of estimated EE. Among participants with Plausible Intakes, mean EI was 96 % (sd = 13) of estimated EE. Higher BMI (OR 0·81, 95 % CI 0·72, 0·92) and greater need for social approval (OR 0·31, 95 % CI 0·10, 0·96) were associated with lower likelihood of Plausible Intakes. Estimated EI decreased by 3 % per d of recording (interquartile range − 14 %,6 %) among all participants. The EI of Reactive Reporters (n 52) decreased by 17 %/d (interquartile range − 23 %,–13 %). A history of weight loss (> 10 kg) (OR 3·4, 95 % CI 1·5, 7·8) and higher percentage of daily energy from protein (OR 1·1, 95 % CI 1·0, 1·2) were associated with greater odds of Reactive Reporting. Identification of reactivity to measurement, as well as Plausible Intakes, is recommended in community-dwelling studies to highlight and address sources of bias.
Purpose
To describe objectively measured changes in the volume and pattern of physical activity and sedentary behavior in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis.
Methods
...Physical activity and sedentary behavior were measured in patients (13 males, 76 females) with a mean age of 64 years (range 55–80) and end-stage osteoarthritis of the knee, using an accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X+) for seven consecutive days (24 h/day) prior to, 6 weeks and 6 months after total knee arthroplasty. Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Activity index and range of motion (ROM) were also assessed.
Results
Proportion of time spent in sedentary behavior decreased from baseline to 6 months (mean 70.1 vs. 64.0%;
p
= 0.009) and the interruptions to sedentary behavior improved between baseline and 6 months after total knee arthroplasty (mean 85.0–93.0 breaks/day,
p
= 0.014). Proportion of time spent in light physical activity increased from baseline to 6 months after total knee arthroplasty (29.0 vs. 34.8%;
p
= 0.008). There was no change in time spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity after total knee arthroplasty. WOMAC (median 71.0 vs. 4.0,
p
< 0.001), UCLA (median 2.0 vs. 5.0,
p
< 0.001) as well as ROM median (0.0°–90.0°) vs. (0.0°–110°),
p
< 0.05 scores improved between baseline and 6 months after total knee arthroplasty.
Conclusion
Clinically, functional improvements in patients following total knee arthroplasty may be assessed by objectively measuring changes in low intensity activity behaviors. The use of accelerometers in this study gives new insights into activity accumulation patterns in a clinical population and highlights their use in determining a behavioral response to an intervention.
Level of evidence
II.
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