Buckwheat is a nutritionally valuable crop, an alternative to common cereals also usable in gluten-free diets. The selection of buckwheat genotypes suitable for further breeding requires the ...characterization and evaluation of genetic resources. The main objective of this work was to evaluate selected phenotypic and morphological traits using international buckwheat descriptors, including total phenolic content and antioxidant activity, on a unique set of 136 common buckwheat accessions grown in 2019-2020 under Czech Republic conditions. In addition, UHPLC-ESI- MS/MS was used to analyze a wide spectrum of 20 phenolic compounds in buckwheat seeds, including four flavanols, three phenolic acids, seven flavonols, four flavones, and two flavanones. Significant differences among years and genotypes were observed for morphological traits (plant height and 1000-seed weight) and antioxidant activity, as well as levels of observed chemical compounds. Antioxidant activity, crude protein content, plant height and rutin content were characterized by higher mean values in 2020 than in 2019 and vice versa for total polyphenol content and 1000-seed weight. Crude protein content was the most stable across years, while total polyphenol content and rutin content varied greatly from year to year. The most abundant phenolic compounds were rutin, hyperoside, epicatechin, catechin, vitexin, isovitexin, orientin and isoorientin. Protein content was negatively correlated with plant height, catechin and epicatechin content. On the other hand, AA and TPC were positively correlated with rutin, hyperoside and chlorogenic acid. Five accessions showed high stability of the evaluated traits under changing conditions within both years of observation. These materials can be used in breeding programmes aimed at improving buckwheat genotypes with emphasis on quality traits.
The genetic composition of sweet potato Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. (2n = 6x = 90) is reflected in different levels of genetic variation. The main objective of the present study was a comparison of ...genetic diversity parameters of different ploidy levels (2n, 4n, and 6n codominant allele determination), analyzed on two high-resolution capillary platforms. Fragment analysis was performed by applying SSR markers on a 3130XL Genetic Analyzer (ABI 3130) and QIAxcel Advanced System (QX). A high level of expected heterozygosity (He) as a measure of genetic diversity was observed for both ABI3130 (0.731) and QX (0.679). Molecular variance was 17% for ABI3130 and 10% for QX. Comparison between genetic distance matrices based on allele lengths showed a moderate Mantel correlation coefficient (rxy = 0.557) between ABI3130 and QX. Global cluster analysis using the Bayesian approach distributed the observed genotypes into two clusters on both capillary platforms. Our results show that the two high-resolution capillary electrophoreses for codominant data on 2n, 4n, and 6n levels are applicable in genetic diversity studies but their efficiency depends on in-resolution expectations, financial resources, available time, and the equipment of the laboratory.
Drought is an abiotic stress that strongly influences plant growth, development and productivity. Proteome changes in the stem of the drought-tolerant common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar ...Tiber have were when the plants were exposed to drought. Five-week-old plants were subjected to water deficit by withholding irrigation for 7, 12 and 17days, whereas control plants were regularly irrigated. Relative water content (RWC) of leaves, as an indicator of the degree of cell and tissue hydration, showed the highest statistically significant differences between control and drought-stressed plants after 17days of treatment, where RWC remained at 90% for control and declined to 45% for stressed plants. Plants exposed to drought for 17days and control plants at the same developmental stage were included in quantitative proteomic analysis using in-gel stable isotope labeling of proteins in combination with mass spectrometry. The quantified proteins were grouped into several functional groups, mainly into energy metabolism, photosynthesis, proteolysis, protein synthesis and proteins related to defense and stress. 70kDa heat shock protein showed the greatest increase in abundance under drought of all the proteins, suggesting its role in protecting plants against stress by re-establishing normal protein conformations and thus cellular homeostasis. The abundance of proteins involved in protein synthesis also increased under drought stress, important for recovery of damaged proteins involved in the plant cell's metabolic activities. Other important proteins in this study were related to proteolysis and folding, which are necessary for maintaining proper cellular protein homeostasis. Taken together, these results reveal the complexity of pathways involved in the drought stress response in common bean stems and enable comparison with the results of proteomic analysis of leaves, thus providing important information to further understand the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of drought response in this important legume.
Climate change and the variable extreme weather conditions that today’s agricultural producers are dealing with represent some of the most important issues in food production. Nowadays, weather ...patterns are increasingly unpredictable, characterized by frequent fluctuations in temperature, precipitation, and extreme weather events. As a result, there is an increasing demand for scientists to develop more resilient and tolerant crop cultivars. Plant breeders must become creative and utilize all available resources to create modern high-yielding and widely adapted cultivars to help agriculture grow and thrive amidst the emerging changes. Forage legumes, due to their beneficial characteristics, are among the crops that can contribute to mitigating the consequences of climate change. Furthermore, what certainly does not contribute to weather conditions is the erosion of plant genetic material, which has been caused by the modernization of agriculture and the selection of the best cultivars with desirable traits over many years. Crop wild relatives (CWRs) and landraces represent plant genetic materials rich in novel gene variants that contain traits for resistance and tolerance to different climatic conditions. To expand the genetic base of cultivars and mitigate the consequences of climate change, breeders are increasingly utilizing pre-breeding methods. These methods include all the activities connected to the identification of desirable genes and traits from un-adapted materials, such as CWRs, and the transformation of these traits to an intermediate set of materials that can be used for creating new cultivars. This review paper will cover the pre-breeding process, including its components, and the resistance and/or tolerance of the CWRs and landraces of forage legumes to different extreme environmental conditions.
Understanding the genetic background of drought tolerance in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) can aid its resilience improvement. However, drought response studies in large seeded genotypes of ...Andean origin are insufficient. Here, a novel Andean intra-gene pool genetic linkage map was created for quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping of drought-responsive traits in a recombinant inbred line population from a cross of two cultivars differing in their response to drought. Single environment and QTL × environment analysis revealed 49 QTLs for physiology, phenology, and yield-associated traits under control and/or drought conditions. Notable QTLs for days to flowering (Df1.1 and Df 1.2) were co-localized with a putative QTL for days to pods (Dp1.1) on linkage group 1, suggesting pleiotropy for genes controlling them. QTLs with stable effects for number of seeds per pod (Sp2.1) in both seasons and putative water potential QTLs (Wp1.1, Wp5.1) were detected. Detected QTLs were validated by projection on common bean consensus linkage map. Drought response-associated QTLs identified in the novel Andean recombinant inbred line (RIL) population confirmed the potential of Andean germplasm in improving drought tolerance in common bean. Yield-associated QTLs Syp1.1, Syp1.2, and Sp2.1 in particular could be useful for marker-assisted selection for higher yield of Andean common beans.
Common buckwheat (
Fagopyrum esculentum
) is an ancient crop with a world-wide distribution. Due to its excellent nutritional quality and high economic and ecological value, common buckwheat is ...becoming increasingly important throughout the world. The availability of a high-quality reference genome sequence and population genomic data will accelerate the breeding of common buckwheat, but the high heterozygosity due to the outcrossing nature has greatly hindered the genome assembly. Here we report the assembly of a chromosome-scale high-quality reference genome of
F
.
esculentum
var.
homotropicum
, a homozygous self-pollinating variant of common buckwheat. Comparative genomics revealed that two cultivated buckwheat species, common buckwheat (
F
.
esculentum
) and Tartary buckwheat (
F
.
tataricum
), underwent metabolomic divergence and ecotype differentiation. The expansion of several gene families in common buckwheat, including
FhFAR
genes, is associated with its wider distribution than Tartary buckwheat. Copy number variation of genes involved in the metabolism of flavonoids is associated with the difference of rutin content between common and Tartary buckwheat. Furthermore, we present a comprehensive atlas of genomic variation based on whole-genome resequencing of 572 accessions of common buckwheat. Population and evolutionary genomics reveal genetic variation associated with environmental adaptability and floral development between Chinese and non-Chinese cultivated groups. Genome-wide association analyses of multi-year agronomic traits with the content of flavonoids revealed that
Fh05G014970
is a potential major regulator of flowering period, a key agronomic trait controlling the yield of outcrossing crops, and that
Fh06G015130
is a crucial gene underlying flavor-associated flavonoids. Intriguingly, we found that the gene translocation and sequence variation of
FhS-ELF3
contribute to the homomorphic self-compatibility of common buckwheat. Collectively, our results elucidate the genetic basis of speciation, ecological adaptation, fertility, and unique flavor of common buckwheat, and provide new resources for future genomics-assisted breeding of this economically important crop.
Despite the high ecological and economic value of common buckwheat, the availability of high-quality genomic resources is limited for this important crop. In this study, whole-genome sequencing and population genomics approaches were used to unravel the genetic basis of varied flavor-associated flavonoid content and flower morphology. The results provide insights into the evolutionary history of buckwheat species and will accelerate the genetic gain for important agronomic and nutritional quality traits by facilitating genomics-assisted breeding.
Drought is one of the major abiotic stress conditions limiting crop growth and productivity. Glycosylation of proteins is very important post-translational modification that is involved in many ...physiological functions and biological pathways. To understand the involvement of N-glycoproteins in the mechanism of drought response in leaves of common bean, a proteomic approach using lectin affinity chromatography, SDS-PAGE and LC-MS/MS was applied. Quantification of N-glycoproteins was performed using MaxQuant with a label free quantification approach. Thirty five glycoproteins were changed in abundance in leaves of common bean under drought. The majority of these proteins were classified into functional groups that include cell wall processes, defence/stress related proteins and proteins related to proteolysis. Beta-glucosidase showed the highest increase in abundance among proteins involved in cell wall metabolism, suggesting its role in cell wall modification under drought stress. These results fit with the general concept of the stress response in plants and suggest that drought stress might affect biochemical metabolism in the cell wall. The structures of N-glycans were determined manually from spectra, where structures of high mannose, complex and hybrid types of N-glycans were found. The present study provided an insight into the glycoproteins related to drought stress in common bean at the proteome level, which is important for further understanding of molecular mechanisms of drought response in this important legume.
•Quantification of N-glycoproteins was performed with MaxQuant using a label free quantification.•Thirty five N-glycoproteins revealed changed abundance in leaves of common bean under drought.•Beta-glucosidase showed the highest increase in abundance among proteins involved in cell wall metabolism.•Structures of high mannose, complex and hybrid types of N-glycans were found by manual inspection from spectra.
Fagopyrum cymosum
is considered as most probable wild ancestor of cultivated buckwheat. However, the evolutionary route from
F. cymosum
to
F. esculentum
remains to be deciphered. We hypothesized that ...a hybrid species exists in natural habitats between diploid
F. cymosum
and
F. esculentum
. The aim of this research was to determine the phylogenetic position of
F. esculentum
ssp.
ancestrale
and to provide new thoughts on buckwheat evolution. Different methodologies including evaluation of morphological traits, determination of secondary metabolites, fluorescence
in situ
hybridization (FISH), comparative chloroplast genomics, and molecular markers were deployed to determine the phylogenetic relationship of
F. esculentum
ssp.
ancestrale
with
F. cymosum
and
F. esculentum
. The ambiguity observed in morphological pattern of genetic variation in three species revealed that
F.
esculentum
ssp. ancestrale is closely related to
F. cymosum
and
F. esculentum
. Flavonoid analysis revealed that
F.
esculentum
ssp.
ancestrale
is closely related to
F. esculentum
. Comparative chloroplast genome analysis further supported the close proximity of
F. esculentum
ssp.
ancestrale
with
F. esculentum
. Additionally, molecular marker analysis revealed that
F. esculentum
ssp.
ancestrale
exhibits co-dominance with the bands amplified by
F. cymosum
and
F. esculentum
. These finding provided supporting evidence in favor of the hypothesis that
F. esculentum
ssp.
ancestrale
is a hybrid species between
F. cymosum
to
F. esculentum
, which was probably originated by spontaneous hybridization under natural conditions.
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