Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the most important food legume for direct human consumption around the world, as it represents a valuable source of components with nutritional and health ...benefits.
We conducted a study to define and explain the genetic relatedness and diversification level of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) germplasm from Portugal to Ukraine, along a western-to-eastern line of southern European countries, including Poland. This was based on the P. vulgaris genetic structure, and was designed to better describe its distribution and domestication pathways in Europe. Using the multi-crop passport descriptors that include geographic origin and different phaseolin types (corresponding to the Mesoamerican and Andean gene pools), 782 accessions were obtained from nine gene banks and 12 geographic origins. We selected 33 genome/ gene-related/ gene-pool-related nuclear simple sequence repeat markers that covered the genetic diversity across the P. vulgaris genome. The overall polymorphic information content was 0.800. Without specifying geographic origin, global structure cluster analysis generated 10 genetic clusters. Among the PvSHP1 markers, the most informative for gene pool assignment of the European P. vulgaris germplasm was PvSHP1-B. Results of AMOVA show that 89% of the molecular variability is shared within the 782 accessions, with 4% molecular variability among the different geographic origins along this western-to-eastern line of southern Europe (including Poland).
This study shows that the diversification line of the European P. vulgaris germplasm followed from the western areas of southern Europe (Portugal, Spain, Italy, Slovenia) to the more eastern areas of southern Europe. This progression defines three geographically separated subgroups, as the northern (Poland, Ukraine, Romania), southern (Albania, Bulgaria), and central (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Hungary) areas of eastern Europe.
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•Biochemical composition of milling fractions of common and tartary buckwheat was evaluated.•Significant differences between fractions were observed.•Antioxidant properties of tartary ...buckwheat were higher compared to common buckwheat.•Contents of all macroelements and most of the microelements were the highest in bran fraction.
Buckwheat is a pseudocereal with important nutritional qualities and great potential for broad consumption. The study aimed to determine the biochemical composition, antioxidant properties and multi-mineral composition of the whole grains, hulls, bran, and the light flour of common (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) and Tartary (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.) buckwheat harvested in two consecutive years. Significant differences between fractions of both species were observed. On the other hand, the differences between the production years were not so significant. Biochemical and multi-mineral compositions of common and Tartary buckwheat were comparable, while significant differences between species were observed in antioxidant properties. The antioxidant potential (AOP), total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) were higher in all fractions of Tartary buckwheat compared to individual fractions of common buckwheat. Fourteen minerals were quantified in fractions. Contents of all major minerals and most of the trace minerals were the highest in bran fraction.
Out of several thousand known edible plant species, only four crops-rice, wheat, maize and potato provide the largest proportion of daily nutrition to billions of people. While these crops are the ...primary supplier of carbohydrates, they lack essential amino acids and minerals for a balanced nutrition. The overdependence on only few crops makes the future cropping systems vulnerable to the predicted climate change. Diversifying food resources through incorporation of orphan or minor crops in modern cropping systems is one potential strategy to improve the nutritional security and mitigate the hostile weather patterns. One such crop is buckwheat, which can contribute to the agricultural sustainability as it grows in a wide range of environments, requires relatively low inputs and possess balanced amino acid and micronutrient profiles. Additionally, gluten-free nature of protein and nutraceutical properties of secondary metabolites make the crop a healthy alternative of wheat-based diet in developed countries. Despite enormous potential, efforts for the genetic improvement of buckwheat are considerably lagged behind the conventional cereal crops. With the draft genome sequences in hand, there is a great scope to speed up the progress of genetic improvement of buckwheat. This article outlines the state of the art in buckwheat research and provides concrete perspectives how modern breeding approaches can be implemented to accelerate the genetic gain. Our suggestions are transferable to many minor and underutilized crops to address the issue of limited genetic gain and low productivity.
The study aimed to determine variations in macro/microelements, nutrients and bioactive components in grain and stone-milled fractions of common and Tartary buckwheat cultivated over three ...consecutive years. Whole grain were milled to obtain several fractions: light flour, semolina, three or four bran fractions, and hulls. Dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, macro- and microelements, total antioxidant capacity, rutin and quercetin contents, and compounds with antioxidative potential were determined. Crude protein in buckwheat samples ranged from 2.9% to 35.7%, and crude fat from 0.2% to 10.1%. Bioactive compounds were significantly higher in Tartary buckwheat samples, especially for semolina and bran fractions. The multi-elemental compositions of these buckwheat species were comparable, while the differences between the milling fractions varied considerably for K, P, Mg, S, Fe and Zn. Principal component analysis for 20 parameters derived from 45 samples showed good discrimination for buckwheat whole grain, light flour and hulls for both species, for Tartary buckwheat bran and semolina, and for common buckwheat bran and semolina. The profiles of compounds with antioxidant potential were significantly different between the buckwheat species, as well as for hulls and bran fractions compared with the other fractions. In general, harvest year did not have any significant impact on any of the parameters analysed.
•Traditional stone milling was applied for common and Tartary buckwheat whole grains.•Three years whole grains and milling fractions were analysed for several nutrients.•Bioactive compounds were higher in semolina and bran fractions of Tartary buckwheat.•Multi-elemental content of common and Tartary buckwheat fractions was comparable.•HPLC-ECD was used to differentiate buckwheat species and milling fractions.
•High allelic diversity, 445 different allelic variants detected•Genetic structure of common bean from Serbia corresponded to gene pool affiliation•Detected additional variation had genetic basis ...within Andean gene pool•Structure according to seed form within Andean and Mesoamerican gene pool•Congruency in clustering according to gene pool applying SSR and phaseolin markers
Genetic diversity and structure of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) germplasm from Serbia, comprising 118 landraces and 18 cultivars, was assessed with the application of 27 Single Sequence Repeats (SSR) markers. Thirteen accessions from Agricultural Institute of Slovenia were used as references for gene pool determination. Main parameters of genetic diversity were calculated for each SSR loci, i.e. number of different and rare alleles, number of effective alleles, Shannon's information index, observed and expected heterozygosity and polymorphic information content. A total of 445 allelic variants, with 16.5 alleles per locus on average, were detected. Mean gene diversity (He = 0.79) indicated sufficient reservoir of genetic variation preserved in studied bean germplasm. Landraces displayed higher variability compared to cultivars (405 in relation to 233 allelic variants). Genetic structure and relatedness of accessions was assessed by model-based method and hierarchical clustering method in combination with genetic distance calculation. The Bayesian clustering model implemented in STRUCTURE software, on the primary level (K = 2), revealed clear separation of accessions into two groups, corresponding to gene pool affiliation. Mesoamerican gene pool (M) was represented with 23.5% of accessions, while Andean (A) was larger, composed of 68.4% of studied germplasm. Small group (8.1%) showed admixed genetic structure between two gene pools. Additional variation in respect to two recognized gene pools was revealed (K = 3), whose basis was acknowledged to be within Andean gene pool. Further subdivision of accessions (K = 8), mainly according to the seed forms, was observed. Genetic distance analysis associated with Neighbour-joining clustering method revealed grouping pattern of landraces and cultivars corresponding to the gene pool and their seed phenotypes. Classification and structuring of the bean accessions according to and beyond the gene pool of origin should facilitate conservation strategies and breeding of this material. Combining the information of phenotypic variation obtained in previous research and molecular data reveled in this study will assist in selection of parental components for breeding, or in the choice of smaller sample in order to further acknowledge their breeding value. In addition, obtained results of this work should serve as an additional information on common bean germplasm variation in Western Balkans and beyond, in Europe.
Genetic resources comprised of 953 accessions of common (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and 47 accessions of runner (Phaseolus coccineus L.) bean from the national Slovene gene bank were characterized using ...fourteen morphological seed descriptors. Seeds of each accession were evaluated for six quantitative characteristics: seed length, seed thickness, seed width, seed length/width ratio, seed width/thickness ratio, and 100 or 10 seed weight. Furthermore, seeds were evaluated using eight qualitative characteristics: seed colour; number of seed colours; primary/main seed colour; predominant secondary seed colour; distribution of secondary seed colour; seed veining; seed shape; and seed colour (primary and secondary) and coat pattern. For each, common, and runner bean collection, first four components within principal component analysis explained 75.03% and 80.16% of morphological variability, respectively. Regarding Ward’s method and squared Euclidian distance, three clusters with the most distinct characteristics were established for each species. The results of morphological seed characterization indicate the origin (Andean, Mesoamerican, putative hybrids between gene pools) and domestication pathways of common and runner bean. This is the first study describing morphological seed characteristics of the entire common and runner bean germplasm conserved in one of the Central European bean collections. The results obtained in this study are serving as the useful information on genetic diversity of common and runner bean accessions at the Slovene gene bank, which could be used for development of new bean varieties for studied seed characteristics.
Kale (
Brassica oleracea.
var.
acephala
) is a nutrient-rich green leafy vegetable consumed as food and used in traditional medicine worldwide. An essential step in describing the available genetic ...resources and ensuring their effective use in breeding programs is to characterize the genetic diversity of available germplasm. In this study, the genetic diversity and structure of 26 kale accessions from South-East Europe were examined using 26 agro-morphological traits collected in the field and 12 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Considerable agro-morphological variability was found in most quantitative (CV = 17.26–42.42%) and qualitative (H' = 0.61–1.79) traits. Multifactorial analysis (MFA) showed that country of origin (33.01%) and morphotype (32.30%) significantly influenced kale diversification. Leaf blade shape (20.62%), leaf incision (19.43%), anthocyanin distribution (16.43%), and leaf colour (15.55%) were the traits that most clearly differentiated accessions. The three common commercial kale cultivars were identified as independent outliers that differed from the other kale accessions in both MFA and UPGMA clustering analysis. The SSR markers were highly informative with 108 alleles and polymorphic information content ranging from 0.395 to 0.856. Strong genetic diversity was detected at the accession level (H' = 0.58) while genetic differentiation was low (Fst = 0.05). Similar to UPGMA clustering, Bayesian clustering suggests that the kale collection can be divided into four clusters with a high degree of admixture and no geographic grouping pattern is apparent. Overall, the study showed that the kale collection studied represents a valuable reservoir of genetic and agro-morphological variability that could be used for future breeding initiatives.
The common bean is an important legume valued for its protein-rich seeds and its ability to fix nitrogen, making it a key element of crop rotation. In conventional agriculture, the emphasis is on ...uniformity and genetic purity to optimize crop performance and maximize yields. This is due to both the legal obligations to register varieties and the challenges of implementing breeding programs to create genetically diverse varieties. This paper focuses on the factors that influence the occurrence of heterogeneous common bean populations. The main factors contributing to this diversity have been described, including local adaptations, variable weather conditions, different pollinator species, and intricate interactions between genes controlling seed coat colour. We also discuss the benefits of intercropping common beans for organic farming systems, highlighting the improvement in resistance to diseases, and adverse environmental conditions. This paper contributes to a better understanding of common bean seed heterogeneity and the legal obligation to use heterogeneous populations.
The objective of the present study was to determine the composition of fatty acids in the whole grain, hulls, bran and the light flour of common (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) and Tartary (Fagopyrum ...tataricum (L.) Gaertn) buckwheat harvested in two consecutive years. Fatty acid composition for different milling fractions was determined as methyl esters using gas chromatography. Nine fatty acids were determined: lauric (12:0), myristic (14:0), palmitic (16:0), palmitoleic (16:1), stearic (18:0), oleic (C18:1; n-9), linoleic (C18:2; n-6), α-linolenic (C18:3; n-3) and arachidic (20:0) acid. The highest relative content was determined for linoleic acid (from 35.54 to 47.57%), followed by oleic acid (from 20.96 to 40.76%) and palmitic acid (from 13.86 to 26.42%). The total fatty acid content was the highest in bran (up to 62.64 g/kg), followed by whole grains (up to 22.93 g/kg), light flour (up to 9.69 g/kg) and hulls (up to 5.87 g/kg). Saturated fatty acid content was the highest in the hulls and the lowest in the bran. Polyunsaturated fatty acid content was the highest in light flour. High positive correlations were found between saturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms or less.
Total fatty acid contents of milling fractions obtained by traditional stone milling of common and tartary buckwheat harvested in two consecutive years are significantly different. Display omitted
•Fatty acid composition of four milling fractions of common and tartary buckwheat was evaluated.•Total fatty acid content was the highest in bran, followed by whole grain.•Fatty acid composition of common and tartary buckwheat fractions was comparable.•The most abundant fatty acids were linoleic acid, oleic and palmitic acid.
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