Abstract
Sudden steam-driven eruptions strike without warning and are a leading cause of fatalities at touristic volcanoes. Recent deaths following the 2019 Whakaari eruption in New Zealand expose a ...need for accurate, short-term forecasting. However, current volcano alert systems are heuristic and too slowly updated with human input. Here, we show that a structured machine learning approach can detect eruption precursors in real-time seismic data streamed from Whakaari. We identify four-hour energy bursts that occur hours to days before most eruptions and suggest these indicate charging of the vent hydrothermal system by hot magmatic fluids. We developed a model to issue short-term alerts of elevated eruption likelihood and show that, under cross-validation testing, it could provide advanced warning of an unseen eruption in four out of five instances, including at least four hours warning for the 2019 eruption. This makes a strong case to adopt real-time forecasting models at active volcanoes.
In addition to the large systematic differences arising from assumptions about the stellar mass-to-light ratio, the massive end of the stellar mass function is rather sensitive to how one fits the ...light profiles of the most luminous galaxies. We quantify this by comparing the luminosity and stellar mass functions based on the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) cmodel magnitudes, and PyMorph single-Sérsic and Sérsic-exponential fits to the surface brightness profiles of galaxies in the SDSS. The PyMorph fits return more light, so that the predicted masses are larger than when cmodel magnitudes are used. As a result, the total stellar mass density at z ∼ 0.1 is about 1.2 times larger than in our previous analysis of the SDSS. The differences are most pronounced at the massive end, where the measured number density of objects having M
* ≥ 6 × 1011 M is approximately five times larger. Alternatively, at number densities of 10−6 Mpc−3, the limiting stellar mass is two times larger. The differences with respect to fits by other authors, typically based on Petrosian-like magnitudes, are even more dramatic, although some of these differences are due to sky-subtraction problems, and are sometimes masked by large differences in the assumed M
*/L (even after scaling to the same initial mass function). Our results impact studies of the growth and assembly of stellar mass in galaxies, and of the relation between stellar and halo mass, so we provide simple analytic fits to these new luminosity and stellar mass functions and quantify how they depend on morphology, as well as the binned counts in electronic format. While these allow one to quantify the differences which arise because of the assumed light profile, and we believe our Sérsic-exponential based results to be the most realistic of the models we have tested, we caution that which profile is the most appropriate at the high-mass end is still debated.
Melting of solids is a common phenomenon in nature. It is also one of the most important phase transformations in materials science and engineering. In recent years, extensive experimental and ...theoretical investigations in conjunction with computer simulations on melting of solids, with various geometries ranging from bulk forms to nanometer-sized clusters, have greatly enhanced our understanding of the nature of melting. This paper reviewed the up-to-date research results on this classical and cutting-edge topic. Emphasis was made on melting and superheating of nano-sized particles and thin films including thermodynamic and kinetic analyses of the size effect and the interfacial structure effect on melting processes.
We quantify the systematics in the size–luminosity relation of galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey main sample (i.e. at z ∼ 0.1) which arise from fitting different one- and two-component model ...profiles to the r-band images. For objects brighter than L
*, fitting a single Sérsic profile to what is really a two-component SerExp system leads to biases: the half-light radius is increasingly overestimated as n of the fitted single component increases; it is also overestimated at B/T ∼ 0.6. For such objects, the assumption of a single Sérsic component is particularly misleading. However, the net effect on the R-L relation is small, except for the most luminous tail. We then study how this relation depends on morphology. Our analysis is one of the first to use Bayesian-classifier-derived weights, rather than hard cuts, to define morphology. For the R-L relation Es, S0s and Sas are early types, whereas Sbs and Scds are late, although S0s tend to be 15 per cent smaller than Es of the same luminosity, and faint Sbs are more than 25 per cent smaller than faint Scds. Neither the early- nor the late-type relations are pure power laws: both show significant curvature, which we quantify. This curvature confirms that two mass scales are special for both early- and late-type galaxies: M
* ∼ 3 × 1010 and 2 × 1011 M⊙. Also, although the R
disc-L
disc and R
disc-M
*disc relations of discs of disc-dominated galaxies run parallel to the corresponding relations for the total light in late types (i.e. they are significantly curved), R
bulge-L
bulge and R
bulge-M
*bulge for bulge-dominated systems show almost no curvature (i.e. unlike for the total light of early-type galaxies). Finally, the intrinsic scatter in the R-L relation decreases at large L and/or M
* and should provide additional constraints on models of how the most massive galaxies formed.
Taste, especially unpleasant taste, can be key for patient compliance. In the formulation development process, drug-cyclodextrin (CD) inclusion complexes are often used to improve the solubility of a ...drug and/or mask its bitterness. This study aimed to evaluate the bitter masking effect of CDs on different drugs using NMR-ROESY analysis, human sensory tests, and e-tongue measurements. The strength of inclusion complex formation between drugs and CDs was investigated by NMR-ROSEY, and these results were compared to human sensory test results. In the sensory test, participants identified which drug-CD inclusion complexes were not bitter. NMR-ROSEY results aligned with the sensory tests; short magnetization transfer times corresponded to masked bitterness. The electrical tongue was not able to detect the taste of any of the drug-CD inclusion complexes. Additionally, we used NMR-ROSEY to determine which drug-CD inclusion complex formed in a system with multiple drug substances present. This research offers valuable insights into the bitter masking effect of CDs on different drugs and presents a comprehensive evaluation approach using various methods. This knowledge has significant implications for the pharmaceutical industry, clinical practice, and patient care, contributing to improved patient compliance and satisfaction with bitter medications.
The object of this manuscript is to build the easy, rapid and strong, safety and ethical method of evaluating bitter masking effect of CDs which could be applied in all the pharmaceutical phase and field. Taste of the drugs, especially the bitterness can be a great stress to patient whom suffers from the illness. To evaluate the drug bitterness, the human sensory taste tests may provide the TRUE taste result; which has safety and ethical concerns. Electric tongues (e-tongues) serve as an alternative method for evaluating drug bitterness, but they face challenges when analyzing neutral compounds in varying concentrations due to the way e-tongues measure bitterness through the electrochemical cell's cathodic and anodic potentials. To address this issue, we hypothesized that a shorter NMR-ROESY mixing time indicates stronger drug-CD interaction, thus leading to more efficient bitter masking. The Correlation hypothesis of bitterness and proximity between drugs and CD by the NMR-ROESY method Experimental hypothesis figure showing the shorter mixing time reveals efficient bitter masking effect due to detecting the stronger inclusion of clathrate and drug-CDs. Display omitted
•We build the rapid, safety and ethical method of evaluating bitter masking effect of drug-CDs interaction using NMR-ROESY mixing time approach.s
The breach of landslide dam often causes significant disaster in the inundated area; the prediction of breach hydrograph is in high demand for the dam breach risk evaluation. In this study, according ...to the model tests and Tangjiashan landslide dam breach case, the surface erosion accompanied by intermittent mass failure is known as the key breaching mechanism for landslide dam due to overtopping failure. The downstream slope angle would gradually decrease during the dam-breaching process, whereas a planar wedge failure occurs when the breach slopes at the dam crest and downstream breach channel fail. Based on the breach mechanism, a numerical model for landslide dam breach due to overtopping is developed to simulate the coupling process of water and soil. The model focuses on the breach morphology evolution during the breaching for the sake of the improvement of breach hydrograph prediction. Furthermore, the model can handle one- and two-sided breach, as well as incomplete and base erosion at the vertical direction. The case study of Tangjiashan landslide dam-breaching feedback analysis testifies the rationality of the present model with the relative errors less than 10% for peak discharge, final breach widths, and time to peak. The sensitivity analysis indicates that the final breach depth and soil erodibility affect the breach flow prediction of the landslide dam significantly, whereas the one- or two-sided breach mode is less sensitive.
Over the last decade, our appreciation of the importance of the nucleolus for cellular function has progressed from the ordinary to the extraordinary. We no longer think of the nucleolus as simply ...the site of ribosome production, or a dynamic subnuclear body noted by pathologists for its changes in size and shape with malignancy. Instead, the nucleolus has emerged as a key controller of many cellular processes that are fundamental to normal cell homeostasis and the target for dysregulation in many human diseases; in some cases, independent of its functions in ribosome biogenesis. These extra‐nucleolar or new functions, which we term “non‐canonical” to distinguish them from the more traditional role of the nucleolus in ribosome synthesis, are the focus of this review. In particular, we explore how these non‐canonical functions may provide novel insights into human disease and in some cases new targets for therapeutic development.
For a long time, it was believed that the sole purpose of the nucleolus was for ribosome biogenesis. However, more recent evidence has demonstrated its plurifunctionality; acting as a master regulator of multiple cellular processes, a contributor to the development of human diseases such as cancer and ribosomopathies, and a potential therapeutic target.
We study the dependence of the galaxy size evolution on morphology, stellar mass and large-scale environment for a sample of 298 group and 384 field quiescent early-type galaxies from the COSMOS ...survey, selected from z ∼ 1 to the present, and with masses log(M/M) > 10.5.
From a detailed morphological analysis we infer that ∼80 per cent of passive galaxies with mass log(M/M) > 10.5 have an early-type morphology and that this fraction does not evolve over the last 6 Gyr. However, the relative abundance of lenticular and elliptical galaxies depends on stellar mass. Elliptical galaxies dominate only at the very high mass end - log(M/M) > 11 - while S0 galaxies dominate at lower stellar masses - 10.5 < log(M/M) < 11.
The galaxy size growth depends on galaxy mass range and early-type galaxy morphology, e.g. elliptical galaxies evolve differently than lenticular galaxies. At the low-mass end - 10.5 < log(M/M) < 11 - ellipticals do not show strong size growth from z ∼ 1 to the present (10 to 30 per cent depending on the morphological classification). On the other end, massive ellipticals - log(M/M) > 11.2 - approximately doubled their size. Interestingly, lenticular galaxies display different behaviour: they appear more compact on average and they do show a size growth of ∼60 per cent since z = 1 independent of stellar mass range.
We compare our results with state-of-the art semi-analytic models. While major and minor mergers can account for most of the galaxy size growth, we find that with present data and the theoretical uncertainties in the modelling we cannot state clear evidence favouring either merger or mass-loss via quasar and/or stellar winds as the primary mechanism driving the evolution.
The galaxy mass-size relation and size growth do not depend on environment in the halo mass range explored in this work (field to group mass log(M
h/M) < 14), i.e. group and field galaxies follow the same trends. At low redshift, where we examine both Sloan Digital Sky Survey and COSMOS groups, this result is at variance with predictions from some current hierarchical models that show a clear dependence of size growth on halo mass for massive ellipticals (log(M
*/M) > 11.2). In future work, we will analyse in detail if this result is specific of the observations and model used in this work.
Brightest Cluster Galaxies (BCG) and satellite galaxies lie on the same mass-size relation, at variance with predictions from hierarchical models, which predict that BCGs should have larger sizes than satellites because they experience more mergers in groups over the halo mass range probed.
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