This review provides an updated overview of the most important applications of supercritical fluids in the extraction of bioactive compounds from plant matrices. The main factors influencing the ...extraction yields, solubility, and manufacturing costs are described. Aspects concerning the operational processing in the extraction and fractionation are also discussed. The data compiled herein are focused on the extraction of essential oils, phenolic compounds, carotenoids, tocopherols, and tocotrienols.
The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of garlic extract obtained by pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) when compared to conventional garlic products (fresh, powder, commercial oil) added ...in low cost and low sodium frankfurters (50% NaCl substituted by KCl and CaCl2) on the physicochemical and microbiological properties during shelf-life. The highest allicin content was detected in the PLE extract, followed by fresh garlic and garlic powder. Fresh garlic behaved as potential antioxidants and antimicrobials against spoilage bacteria during shelf life. The overall acceptability of the frankfurters containing commercial garlic oil (F3) showed the worst score when compared to the control formulation. The use of the PLE extract has shown to be an antioxidant on typical reduced sodium emulsified meat products formulations.
•Pressurized liquid extraction of garlic promoted the highest allicin content.•PLE extract behaved as potential antioxidant in low sodium frankfurters•Fresh garlic had high performance as an antimicrobial in low sodium frankfurters.
The present study evaluates a sugarcane biorefinery producing ethanol through juice fermentation and methanol via gasification of sugarcane lignocellulosic residues and liquid fuel synthesis. Two ...technologies of gasification named entrained flow and circulating fluidized bed are compared. Flowsheet modeling and thermo-economic analysis methods are applied, followed by a multi-objective optimization based on a genetic algorithm. The optimum Ethanol–Methanol biorefinery design options are compared with other previously studied sugarcane biorefineries. The results show that the biorefinery's energy efficiency increases significantly with the integration of a methanol production plant in a conventional ethanol distillery. The configuration using an entrained flow gasifier presents lower conversion efficiency than the one using a circulating fluidized bed gasifier. However, for the entrained flow gasifier configuration, the size of the methanol production process could be bigger since more heat is available for the ethanol process favouring the integration with the ethanol plant. Higher energy efficiency due to increase of methanol production leads to a higher total investment for both gasification technologies. The cost analysis shows that the calculated methanol production cost is 30% higher than its current market price. Environmental incentives for biofuels could change this scenario but are not in the scope of this study.
•A sugarcane biorefinery producing methanol and ethanol was investigated.•Sugarcane bagasse was gasified and syngas was converted to methanol.•The EF gasifier presented better thermal integration with the biorefinery.•Methanol production cost at the biorefinery is higher than the market price.
•The effect of the DP of inulin was evaluated on its encapsulant characteristics.•The influence of ultrasonic power on the formation of O/W emulsions was assessed.•The XRD and TGA analyses proved the ...effectiveness of inulin as a wall material.•The highest DP promoted larger protection against annatto seed oil oxidation.
The effect of the degree of polymerization (DP) of inulin was evaluated on its encapsulant characteristics. We assessed the influence of the average inulin DP (DP ≥10 and DP ≥23) in the ultrasound-assisted encapsulation of annatto seed oil using the freeze-drying technique for particle formation. The intensification of the homogenization process with ultrasound did not improve the characteristics of the emulsions due to the physicochemical limitations of the inulin molecular chain (molecules do not exhibit surface activity). The particle morphology, oil entrapment efficiency, encapsulation efficiency, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and Rancimat analyses proved the effectiveness of inulin as a wall material. The properties influenced by the DP were the surface oil, encapsulation efficiency, water activity, particle size and oxidative stability of the encapsulated oil because the highest DP promoted the formation of microparticles with lower surface oil content, greater encapsulation efficiency, low water activity, larger size and greater protection against oil oxidation.
The effects of supercritical CO2 processing on the chemical stability of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and other functional and nutritional compounds were evaluated employing non-thermal and thermal ...approaches. Apple juice was enriched with Pfaffia glomerata roots aqueous extract due to its high content of short-chain FOS and then subjected to different levels of temperature (40 and 60 °C), pressure (8 and 21 MPa), and CO2 volume ratio (20 and 50%). The percentage of CO2 volume was evaluated concerning the total volume of the high-pressure reactor. Also, the functional beverage was thermally treated at 105 °C for 10 min. Physicochemical properties (pH and soluble solid content), beta-ecdysone, sugars (glucose, fructose, and sucrose), and FOS (1-kestose, nystose, and fructofuranosylnystose) content were determined. The pH and soluble solid content did not modify after all treatments. The pressure and CO2 volume ratio did not influence the FOS content and their chemical profile, however, the temperature increase from 40 to 60 °C increased the nystose and fructofuranosylnystose content. High-temperature thermal processing favored the hydrolysis of 1-kestose and reduced the sucrose content. Regarding beta-ecdysone, its content remained constant after all stabilization treatments demonstrating thus its high chemical stability. Our results demonstrated that supercritical CO2 technology is a promising technique for the stabilization of FOS-rich beverages since the molecular structures of these fructans were preserved, thus maintaining their prebiotic functionality.
•Effect of ultrasonic power (160–640 W) and process time (0.5–5.0 min) on phenolics recovery was evaluated.•Ultrasonic process intensification significantly improved the phenolics recovery.•142 ...phytochemical compounds were tentatively identified with HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS.
In this work, we investigated the effects of the nominal ultrasonic power (160–640 W) and process time (0.5–5.0 min) on the phenolic compounds recovery and antioxidant activity from araticum peel. The individual and synergistic effects of the process variables on the phenolic recovery were estimated using a full factorial experimental design. Operating at high nominal ultrasonic powers was possible to obtain high phenolic yields and antioxidant activities at short process times (≤5 min). The HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS analysis revealed that the araticum peel sample possessed 142 phytochemicals, 123 of which had not been reported in the literature for this raw material yet. The most abundant phenolic compounds recovered were epicatechin, rutin, chlorogenic acid, catechin and ferulic acid. Thus, high-intensity ultrasound technology proved to be a simple, efficient, fast and low environmental impact method for obtaining phenolic compounds from araticum peel. In addition, araticum peel showed to be a promising source bioactive natural phenolics for further applications in the food, nutraceutical, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.
In this study, a biorefinery for the processing of turmeric (
Curcuma longa
L.) based on clean and emerging technologies has been proposed. High-intensity ultrasound (HIUS) technology was evaluated ...as a promising technique for curcumin recovery aiming to improve its extraction yield and technological properties as a colorant. In addition, we evaluated the effects of process conditions on the turmeric biomass after the extractions. The process variables were the number of stages of extraction with ethanol (1, 3 and 5) and the solvent to feed ratio (S/F) of 3, 5, 7, 9 (w/w). The highest curcumin content (41.6 g/100 g extract) was obtained using 1 wash and a S/F of 5 w/w, while the highest curcumin yield (3.9 g/100 g unflavored turmeric) was obtained using 5 stages and a S/F of 7. The extracts obtained by solid-liquid extraction assisted by HIUS showed a yellow color (157 and 169 of yellowness index) more intense than those obtained by the pressurized liquid extraction technique (101 of yellowness index) and better yield results than low-pressure solid-liquid extraction (using the same processing time). Thus, it was possible to obtain a characteristic yellow colorant with high curcumin yield in a short process time (5 min of extraction) using HIUS technology. Besides that, SEM images and FTIR spectra demonstrated that the turmeric biomasses processed by HIUS technology were not degraded.
In this study, a biorefinery for the processing of turmeric (
Curcuma longa
L.) based on clean and emerging technologies has been proposed.
•A high-intensity ultrasound non-thermal processing was proposed.•The effects of the ultrasonic power (0, 200, 400 and 600 W) on inulin-enriched whey beverage was evaluated.•Ultrasound microbial ...inactivation was comparable to high-temperature short time.•Ultrasound non-thermal processing improved whey beverage kinetic stability.•Increased US powers influenced microbial inactivation, zeta potential, PSD and color.
In this work, we investigated the effects of the ultrasonic power (0, 200, 400 and 600 W) on non-thermal processing of an inulin-enriched whey beverage. We studied the effects of high-intensity ultrasound (HIUS) on microbial inactivation (aerobic mesophilic heterotrophic bacteria (AMHB), total and thermotolerant coliforms and yeasts and molds), zeta potential, microstructure (optical microscopy, particle size distribution), rheology, kinetic stability and color. The non-thermal processing applying 600 W of ultrasonic power was comparable to high-temperature short-time (HTST) treatment (75 °C for 15 s) concerning the inactivation of AMHB and yeasts and molds (2 vs 2 log and 0.2 vs 0.4 log, respectively), although HIUS has reached a lower output temperature (53 ± 3 °C). The HIUS was better than HTST to improve beverage kinetic stability, avoiding phase separation, which was mainly attributed to the decrease of particles size, denaturation of whey proteins and gelation of polysaccharides (inulin and gellan gum). Thus, non-thermal processing by HIUS seems to be an interesting technology for prebiotic dairy beverages production.
► Successful optimization of PLE extraction process by surface response methodology. ► PLE at 5MPa, 353K and 9min of static extraction produced the highest recovery of anthocyanins. ► More ...anthocyanins and total phenolics were extracted by PLE compared to conventional extraction. ► PLE is economically viable for extraction of anthocyanins and phenolic from jabuticaba skins.
The optimization of the extraction of anthocyanins and other phenolic compounds from jabuticaba skins, a promising Brazilian source of these compounds, was studied using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE). An optimization study was performed using ethanol as a solvent and with extraction pressure (5–10MPa), temperature (313–393K) and static extraction time (3–15min) as independent variables. The optimum PLE conditions for all response variables were estimated; however, PLE conditions resulting in the highest recovery of anthocyanins (5MPa, 553K and 9min of static extraction time) were chosen for comparison with a conventional low-pressure solvent extraction (LPSE). The attributes compared were yield, content of anthocyanins and phenolic compounds and economic feasibility. Similar extraction yields were obtained by LPSE and PLE under optimized conditions; however 2.15 and 1.66-fold more anthocyanins and total phenolic compounds, respectively, were extracted using PLE, while the cost of manufacturing (COM) obtained for the PLE extract was 40-fold lower.
This paper brings forward the encapsulation of annatto seed oil (rich in geranylgeraniol) assisted by high intensity ultrasound using gum Arabic (GA) as stabilizing agent. We studied the effects of ...time (min) and ultrasonication power (W) over the emulsion characteristics. After forming microparticles from the best emulsion using freeze-drying (FD) and spray-drying (SD) techniques, we evaluated particle size distribution, moisture, water activity, surface oil, entrapment efficiency, encapsulation efficiency, geranylgeraniol retention, oxidative stability and kinetic release of geranylgeraniol, a biocompound with functional activities. The combined intensification of time and ultrasonication power reduced the superficial mean diameter (D32) and polydispersity (PDI) of emulsions. Drying the continuous phase of the optimized emulsion (smallest D32=0.69±0.03μm) using FD and SD formed microparticles with different morphological characteristics, Brouckere diameter (D43), particle size distribution, moisture and water activity. SD process led to microparticles with the highest oil encapsulation efficiency (85.1±0.1wt.%) as a consequence of their lowest surface oil (SO). However, GA-FD microparticles presented the highest oil entrapment efficiency (97±1wt.%). Geranylgeraniol retention (80–86wt.%) was similar for both drying techniques. GA-FD microparticles were more stable against oxidation through accelerated test Rancimat, even though presenting higher SO. This behavior is associated with the likely phase transition on the GA-SD matrix. The difference on the kinetic release of geranylgeraniol is linked to the difference on the particles morphology and particle size distribution.
•We evaluated the ultrasound-assisted encapsulation of annatto seed oil with gum Arabic.•Microparticles obtained by freeze-drying presented high oil entrapment efficiency.•Geranylgeraniol retention ranged from 80wt.% to 86wt.%.•Kinetics releases of geranylgeraniol were influenced by the morphology and particle size.
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