We investigate the fractional diffusion approximation of a kinetic equation in the upper-half plane with diffusive reflection conditions at the boundary. In an appropriate singular limit ...corresponding to small Knudsen number and long time asymptotic, we derive a fractional diffusion equation with a nonlocal Neumann boundary condition for the density of particles. Interestingly, this asymptotic equation is different from the one derived by Cesbron (Commun Math Phys 364:233–286,
2018
) in the case of specular reflection conditions at the boundary and does not seem to have received a lot of attention previously.
The present study reappraised the relationship between hemispheric specialization strength and cognitive skills in a sample of 297 individuals including 153 left-handers. It additionally assessed the ...interaction with manual laterality factors, such as handedness, asymmetry of hand motor skills, and familial sinistrality. A Hemispheric Functional Lateralization Index (HFLI) for language was derived from fMRI. Through mixture Gaussian modeling, three types of language hemispheric lateralization were defined: typical (left hemisphere dominance with clear positive HFLI), ambilateral (no dominant hemisphere with HFLI values close to 0), and strongly-atypical (right-hemisphere dominance with clear negative HFLI values). Three cognitive scores were derived from 12 tests covering various aspects of verbal and spatial cognition. Compared to both typical and strongly-atypical participants, those ambilateral for language production had lower performances in verbal and non-verbal domains, indicating that hemispheric specialization and cognitive skills are related in adults. Furthermore, this relationship was independent from handedness and asymmetry for motor skills, as no interaction was observed between these factors. On the other hand, the relationship between familial sinistrality and cognitive skills tended to differ according to language lateralization type. In contrast to previous reports in children, in the present adult population, we found no linear correlation between HFLI and cognitive skills, regardless of lateralization type.
•Verbal and spatial skills were measured in 297 subjects balanced for handedness.•Hemispheric lateralization for language production was measured with fMRI.•Subjects with low asymmetry for language production had the lowest performances.•Subjects asymmetric for language (left- or rightward) had comparable performances.•Effect of language lateralization on performances was independent of handedness.
The cortical anatomy of the conscious resting state (REST) was investigated using a meta-analysis of nine positron emission tomography (PET) activation protocols that dealt with different cognitive ...tasks but shared REST as a common control state. During REST, subjects were in darkness and silence, and were instructed to relax, refrain from moving, and avoid systematic thoughts. Each protocol contrasted REST to a different cognitive task consisting either of language, mental imagery, mental calculation, reasoning, finger movement, or spatial working memory, using either auditory, visual or no stimulus delivery, and requiring either vocal, motor or no output. A total of 63 subjects and 370 spatially normalized PET scans were entered in the meta-analysis. Conjunction analysis revealed a network of brain areas jointly activated during conscious REST as compared to the nine cognitive tasks, including the bilateral angular gyrus, the left anterior precuneus and posterior cingulate cortex, the left medial frontal and anterior cingulate cortex, the left superior and medial frontal sulcus, and the left inferior frontal cortex. These results suggest that brain activity during conscious REST is sustained by a large scale network of heteromodal associative parietal and frontal cortical areas, that can be further hierarchically organized in an episodic working memory parieto-frontal network, driven in part by emotions, working under the supervision of an executive left prefrontal network.
We investigate the fractional diffusion approximation of a kinetic equation set in a bounded interval with diffusive reflection conditions at the boundary. In an appropriate singular limit ...corresponding to small Knudsen number and long time asymptotic, we show that the asymptotic density function is the unique solution of a fractional diffusion equation with Neumann boundary condition. This analysis completes a previous work by the same authors in which a limiting fractional diffusion equation was identified on the half-space, but the uniqueness of the solution (which is necessary to prove the convergence of the whole sequence) could not be established.
Le nouveau libéralisme anglais a marqué de son empreinte l’esthétique du roman des premières décennies du XXe siècle. Des édouardiens aux modernistes, nombreux furent les écrivains anglais à intégrer ...à leur stratégie narrative certaines des grandes orientations éthiques, philosophiques et politiques de ce renouvellement du libéralisme. La ligne de partage qu’on dessine habituellement entre le roman édouardien, social et réaliste, et une expérimentation moderniste plus éloignée des enjeux politiques de son temps, s’efface ici pour laisser apparaître plusieurs caractéristiques communes. Au premier rang de celles-ci, on observe une pratique semblable d’un art narratif de l’alternative : une alternative entre naturalisme et singularité, une interrogation littéraire originale des conflits entre l’individuel et le collectif, enfin, une réflexion sur l’alternative elle-même en tant que refus de la médiété ou de la synthèse, et comme défense d’une écriture littéraire qui fait le choix de ne pas choisir et de (se) jouer des paradoxes. Voilà ce qu’on observe ici dans certains romans d’Arnold Bennett, Somerset Maugham, H. G. Wells, D. H. Lawrence, May Sinclair, Virginia Woolf, Henry Green et E. M. Forster.
Le nouveau libéralisme anglais a marqué de son empreinte l’esthétique du roman des premières décennies du xxe siècle. Des édouardiens aux modernistes, nombreux furent les écrivains anglais à intégrer ...à leur stratégie narrative certaines des grandes orientations éthiques, philosophiques et politiques de ce renouvellement du libéralisme. La ligne de partage qu’on dessine habituellement entre le roman édouardien, social et réaliste, et une expérimentation moderniste plus éloignée des enjeux politiques de son temps, s’efface ici pour laisser apparaître plusieurs caractéristiques communes. Au premier rang de celles-ci, on observe une pratique semblable d’un art narratif de l’alternative : une alternative entre naturalisme et singularité, une interrogation littéraire originale des conflits entre l’individuel et le collectif, enfin, une réflexion sur l’alternative elle-même en tant que refus de la médiété ou de la synthèse, et comme défense d’une écriture littéraire qui fait le choix de ne pas choisir et de (se) jouer des paradoxes. Voilà ce qu’on observe ici dans certains romans d’Arnold Bennett, Somerset Maugham, H. G. Wells, D. H. Lawrence, May Sinclair, Virginia Woolf, Henry Green et E. M. Forster.
We herein propose an atlas of 32 sentence-related areas based on a 3-step method combining the analysis of activation and asymmetry during multiple language tasks with hierarchical clustering of ...resting-state connectivity and graph analyses. 144 healthy right-handers performed fMRI runs based on language production, reading and listening, both with sentences and lists of over-learned words. Sentence minus word-list BOLD contrast and left-minus-right BOLD asymmetry for each task were computed in pairs of homotopic regions of interest (hROIs) from the AICHA atlas. Thirty-two hROIs were identified that were conjointly activated and leftward asymmetrical in each of the three language contrasts. Analysis of resting-state temporal correlations of BOLD variations between these 32 hROIs allowed the segregation of a core network, SENT_CORE including 18 hROIs. Resting-state graph analysis applied to SENT_CORE hROIs revealed that the pars triangularis of the inferior frontal gyrus and the superior temporal sulcus were hubs based on their degree centrality (DC), betweenness, and participation values corresponding to epicentres of sentence processing. Positive correlations between DC and BOLD activation values for SENT_CORE hROIs were observed across individuals and across regions regardless of the task: the more a SENT_CORE area is connected at rest the stronger it is activated during sentence processing. DC measurements in SENT_CORE may thus be a valuable index for the evaluation of inter-individual variations in language areas functional activity in relation to anatomical or clinical patterns in large populations. SENSAAS (SENtence Supramodal Areas AtlaS), comprising the 32 supramodal sentence areas, including SENT_CORE network, can be downloaded at
http://www.gin.cnrs.fr/en/tools/
.
The gp130 receptor cytokines IL-6 and CNTF improve metabolic homeostasis but have limited therapeutic use for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Accordingly, we engineered the gp130 ligand IC7Fc, in ...which one gp130-binding site is removed from IL-6 and replaced with the LIF-receptor-binding site from CNTF, fused with the Fc domain of immunoglobulin G, creating a cytokine with CNTF-like, but IL-6-receptor-dependent, signalling. Here we show that IC7Fc improves glucose tolerance and hyperglycaemia and prevents weight gain and liver steatosis in mice. In addition, IC7Fc either increases, or prevents the loss of, skeletal muscle mass by activation of the transcriptional regulator YAP1. In human-cell-based assays, and in non-human primates, IC7Fc treatment results in no signs of inflammation or immunogenicity. Thus, IC7Fc is a realistic next-generation biological agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and muscle atrophy, disorders that are currently pandemic.
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Comment étudier le marketing ? L'approche de Thibault Le Texier, centrée sur la genèse et la diffusion de la rationalité marketing, est confrontée à d'autres regards portés par les sciences sociales ...sur cet objet.
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