The mitotic index and tumor size are currently the main prognostic indicators of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). The purpose of this study is to investigate the expression of different ...immunohistochemical markers and their relation to mortality and relapse, and especially concerning high-risk tumors.
We did a retrospective study of 68 patients who underwent surgery from 1997 to 2007 with a diagnostic of gastrointestinal stromal tumor.
The median follow-up period was 29 months. Relapse and mortality rates were 35.3% (24 cases) and 41.2% (28 cases), respectively. The mitotic index was related to p53 and the cellular proliferation index -Ki67- (p = 0.006 and p = 0.003, respectively). Considering both high and intermediate-risk neoplasms, a significant relation to Ki67 was obtained (p = 0.008). Relapse was related to the mitotic index (p = 0.032) and Ki67 (p = 0.024). Concerning mortality, statistically significant results were obtained with necrosis variables (p = 0.02), mitotic index (p = 0.013), p53 (p = 0.024) and Ki67 (p = 0.033).
Ki67 could be considered a prognostic marker for both relapse and mortality. Concerning high risk GIST, the usefulness the p53 protein and Ki67 nuclear antigen markers was also evident concerning relapse and mortality.
Malformation or dysmorphic syndromes are conditions that are defined by the combination of a set of major and minor malformations that generally have a genetic origin. We investigated the early ...Spanish descriptions of a large number of sydromes.
We started the study from the definition in a classic treatise on the subject. Among the 60 selected syndromes studied, at least two articles of each syndrome among those published in Spain and for the first time were listed in the Spanish Medical Index. For years prior to 1970, it expanded The search was expanded to PubMed, for the years before 1970.
We collected 64 articles that referred to 58 syndromes. Four articles were written during the first half of the twentieth century. Almost half of the works (n=30) appeared in the 1970's. The papers were published in ten Spanish pediatric, nine Spanish non-pediatric, three pediatric non-Spanish and two non-Spanish non-pediatric Journals. The Journals with the most articles published were Anales de Pediatría y Revista Española de Pediatría. The hospitals where the articles originate more often were Hospital La Paz, Madrid and Hospital Clinic, Barcelona. The rest of the works were written in 30 pediatric hospitals and two more in non-Spanish hospitals. The number of authors increased with the passage of time.
Although there were potential limitations, we have identified what may be the first descriptions of 58 syndromes, among the 60 chosen initially.
The excited states of unstable ^{20}O were investigated via γ-ray spectroscopy following the ^{19}O(d,p)^{20}O reaction at 8 AMeV. By exploiting the Doppler shift attenuation method, the lifetimes ...of the 2_{2}^{+} and 3_{1}^{+} states were firmly established. From the γ-ray branching and E2/M1 mixing ratios for transitions deexciting the 2_{2}^{+} and 3_{1}^{+} states, the B(E2) and B(M1) were determined. Various chiral effective field theory Hamiltonians, describing the nuclear properties beyond ground states, along with a standard USDB interaction, were compared with the experimentally obtained data. Such a comparison for a large set of γ-ray transition probabilities with the valence space in medium similarity renormalization group ab initio calculations was performed for the first time in a nucleus far from stability. It was shown that the ab initio approaches using chiral effective field theory forces are challenged by detailed high-precision spectroscopic properties of nuclei. The reduced transition probabilities were found to be a very constraining test of the performance of the ab initio models.
An efficient methodology based on low temperature microwave-induced pyrolysis has been developed for syngas production from macroalgae. The protocol provided unprecedented hydrogen production, with ...switchable H 2 /CO ratios depending on pyrolysis conditions which were found to remarkably improve conventional pyrolysis experiments even at significantly higher temperatures (400 vs. 800 °C). Arcing effects under microwave irradiation, which result in an interesting observed pseudo-catalytic effect promoted by the metal oxides contained in macroalgae, seem to account for the improved results.
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•Selective and efficient oxidative coupling of benzylamine.•Reaction catalysed by graphene oxide in the absence of oxidant.•Favoured formation of an imine intermediate on graphene ...oxide.•A plausible reaction mechanism is proposed.
A selective, efficient and benign oxidative coupling of benzylamine under microwave irradiation was achieved at mild reaction conditions in the absence of oxidant using graphene oxide as catalyst. Reaction conditions seem to point to the favoured formation of an imine intermediate which subsequently reacts with benzylamine to provide high selectivities at almost quantitative conversion of starting material to the oxidative coupling product N‑benzylidine-1-phenylmethanamine. A plausible reaction mechanism is proposed.
Active avoidance by tumor cells from attack and elimination by immune cells is an emerging cancer hallmark that is achieved primarily through decreasing the levels of major histocompatibility complex ...class I (MHC-I) at the cancer cells' surface. Deficiencies in MHC-I antigen-restricted immunosurveillance may be intertwined with an altered, Warburg-like cancer cell-intrinsic metabolism, another emerging hallmark of cancer that involves a switch from mitochondrial respiration to glycolysis to efficiently support large-scale biosynthetic programs that are required for active cell proliferation. We recently envisioned that intervention strategies aimed at reversing the bioenergetic signature of cancer cells (e.g., the antidiabetic biguanide metformin) should correct oncogene (e.g., HER2)-driven MHC-I defects, thus preventing immune escape of oncogene transformants. First, we explored how metformin treatment impacted mitochondrial biogenesis in cultured breast cancer cells overexpressing the membrane tyrosine kinase receptor HER2, the best-characterized downregulator of MHC-I. Metformin exposure was found to dose-dependently increase the expression levels of cytochrome c oxidase I and mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase, which are encoded by mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, respectively. Second, we explored whether metformin-enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis might significantly alter the MHC-I status in breast carcinoma cells. MHC-I expression, as assessed by flow cytometry using an anti-HLA-ABC monoclonal antibody, was fully restored (up to ~25-fold upregulation) in MHC-I-negative HER2 gene-amplified carcinoma cells. These findings may help delineate a previously unrecognized mechanism through which metformin (and metformin-like drugs) may enable a cancer patient's own immune system to mount an efficient anti-metastasis response that can prevent or delay disease recurrence. Restored antigenicity and immunogenicity of tumor cells may represent a previously unrecognized primary mode of action underlying the cancer-preventive effects of metformin.
Winery wastewater is a high-strength effluent, which is challenging for anaerobic treatment systems. In this study, magnetite and an organic xerogel doped with graphene oxide (OX-GO) were tested as ...booster materials (BMs) during the anaerobic treatment of winery wastewater. The enhancing effect was clearly reflected in higher methane production rates (up to 25 % increase) and greater organic matter removal (up to 18 % increase) in amended reactors, as compared to the unamended control. BMs also increased the hydrolysis of proteins coupled to biogas production. Furthermore, the organic acids-enriched composition of winery effluents allowed the production of valuable medium-chain carboxylic acids by tuning operational conditions. Finally, the relative abundance of specialized microbial populations, such as β-oxidizing/proteolytic bacteria (Syntrophomonas) and hydrogenotrophic methanogens (Methanobacterium) increased in the anaerobic systems. Particularly, the presence of BMs promoted the enrichment of specific bacterial genera, including Rhodopseudomonas, Propionicicella, Acetobacter and Anaerolinea, as well as proteolytic genera like Proteiniborus and Proteiniphilum. Moreover, the genus Caproiciproducens exhibited significant fold-changes when OX-GO was added, which is crucial for organic acids production and chain elongation. These BMs are proposed as potential additives in anaerobic systems to boost their performance during the treatment of high-strength industrial effluents.
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•OX-GO and magnetite enhanced the anaerobic treatment of winery effluent.•Improved performance reflected on hydrolysis, methane production and COD removal.•Optimized conditions promoted medium-chain acids production by chain elongation.•Microbial taxa were identified as key players during the treatment of winery effluent.
An expedient, three-component, 3+2-cycloaddition/annulation domino protocol for the synthesis of a series of cage penta- and hexacyclic compounds in good to excellent yields is described. The ring ...systems thus generated contain as structural elements bridged, fused and spiro rings and were obtained with complete selectivity through the creation of two C–C and two C–N bonds, which led to the generation of two azaheterocyclic rings, four carbon and one nitrogen adjacent stereocentres, three of which are quaternary.
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