This work proposed a controlled method to modify the physicochemical properties of corn starch through heating and cooling extrusion (HCE) cycles. It was used native corn starch adjusted to 60% ...moisture. It was then subjected to 5 HCE cycles at 100 and 125 °C, at 10 rpm. Water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), resistant starch (RS), thermal properties, viscosity, FTIR, and X-ray were evaluated. For WAI and WSI, a gradual increase was observed on each HCE cycle. Thermal properties shown that enthalpy decrease with each HCE cycles due to more gelatinization. Viscosity properties shown a thermally stable starch conditions being directly proportional to HCE cycles. The RS increased for each 5 HCE. XRD revealed that HCE cycle changed the starch structure from an orthorhombic structure to V-type crystalline structure. Finally, it was concluded that HCE cycles is a method to produce corn starch with controlled physicochemical properties.
•Extrusion heating-cooling cycles (EHCC) change and sharpen the crystalline structure of corn starch.•HCE cycle modifies the resistant starch (RS) percentage.•HCE cycle increases the starch's water absorption and solubility indexes.•HCE cycles decreased the gelatinization enthalpy.•HCE cycles produced a retrograded thermally stable starch.
We report here the results of a longitudinal study of cervix stiffness during pregnancy. Thirty women, ages ranging from 19 to 37 years, were scanned with ultrasound at five time points beginning at ...their normal first-trimester screening (8-13 weeks) through term pregnancy (nominally 40 week) using a clinical ultrasound imaging system modified with a special ultrasound transducer and system software. The system estimated the shear wave speed (its square proportional to the shear modulus under idealized conditions) in the cervix. We found a constant fractional reduction (about 4% per week) in shear wave speed with increasing gestational age. We also demonstrated a spatial gradient in shear wave speed along the length of the cervix (softest at the distal end). Results were consistent with our previous
and
work in women. Shear wave elasticity imaging may be a potentially useful clinical tool for objective assessment of cervical softening in pregnancy.
Quantifying Backscatter Anisotropy Using the Reference Phantom Method Guerrero, Quinton W.; Rosado-Mendez, Ivan M.; Drehfal, Lindsey C. ...
IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics and frequency control/IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control,
07/2017, Letnik:
64, Številka:
7
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Acoustic properties can be exploited to infer and evaluate tissue microstructure. However, common assumptions are that the medium of interest is homogeneous and isotropic, and that its underlying ...physical properties cause diffuse scattering. In this paper, we describe how we developed and tested novel parameters designed to address isotropy/anisotropy in backscattered echo signal power in complex biological tissues. Specifically, we explored isotropy/anisotropy in backscattered power in isotropic phantoms (spherical glass beads), an anisotropic phantom (dialysis phantom with rodlike fibers), and an in vivo human tissue with well-described anisotropy (bicep muscle). Our approach uses the reference phantom method to compensate for system transfer and diffraction losses when electronically beamsteering a linear array transducer. We define three parameters to quantify the presence and orientation of anisotropic scatterers, as well as address magnitude of anisotropy. We found that these parameters can detect and sense the degree of anisotropy in backscatter in both phantoms and bicep muscle. Bias of the summary anisotropy parameters, induced through a speed of sound mismatch of sample media and reference phantom, was less than 0.2 dB if the speed of sound was within ±20 m/s of the sample media. In summary, these new parameters may be useful for testing the assumption of isotropy as well as providing more detailed information about the underlying microstructural sources of backscatter in complex biological tissues.
Low Kapitza falling liquid films Mendez, M.A.; Scheid, Benoit; Buchlin, J-M
Chemical engineering science,
10/2017, Letnik:
170
Journal Article
Recenzirano
•Thickness measurements on 2D wave on falling liquid film.•Light absorption method and Hough transform for wave analysis.•Dimensionless correlations for wave amplitude, wavelength and celerity at Low ...Ka.•Dimensionless correlation for the traveling wave shape.
Low Kapitza liquids, such as mineral or vegetable oils, have a low surface tension and a high viscosity. In these liquids, capillary forces and extensional viscous dissipation play an equal role in damping interface deformation, resulting in a configuration which challenges the long wavelength assumption at the origin of low-dimensional models for falling films. This paper presents time-resolved 2D thickness measurements of a vertical falling film of Dipropilene Glycol (Ka=3.7±2%) using the light absorption technique. The test cases are in the low Reynolds number regime (Re=1–6), with a flow rate pulsing at frequencies in the range fp=12–24Hz. Different liquid film responses to the perturbation are reported, including growing waves, fully developed traveling waves and sinusoidal waves under period doubling instability. For the fully developed waves, simple dimensionless correlations for wave celerity, wavelength and wave profiles are proposed using the Skhadov scaling. The wave characteristics are compared to those of 2D waves in high Kapitza liquid films, as described by Nosoko’s correlation (Nosoko et al., 1996).
During the past decade, new theories of (constitutional) pluralism have challenged the classic authority and primacy of EU law as asserted by the classic jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the ...European Union. This school of thought, represented by many different authors, has tried to construct a new horizontal relationship between legal orders and European supreme jurisdictions. Constitutional pluralism has enjoyed doctrinal success but also received harsh criticism. This study reviews the most important literature and argues that the (constitutional) pluralism diverse strands of scholarship represent a continuation of what, in philosophical terms, can be termed “legal perspectivism” as conceptualized by Spanish philosopher Ortega y Gasset in 1923. It explores the question when EU law should have higher authority and primacy over national constitutional laws from both classic and new perspectives. No legal theory of EU constitutional law has so far been universally accepted by all actors. It concludes with the finding that the critique to the unconditional authority of EU law that constitutional pluralists have brought to the European field is still alive and extremely relevant both in theory and in practice.
The first detailed experimental study of an instability driven by the presence of a finite ion fraction in an electron-rich non-neutral plasma confined on magnetic surfaces is presented. The ...instability has a poloidal mode number m=1, implying that the parallel force balance of the electron fluid is broken and that the instability involves rotation of the entire plasma, equivalent to ion-resonant instabilities in Penning traps and toroidal field traps. The mode appears when the ion density exceeds approximately 10% of the electron density. The measured frequency decreases with increasing magnetic field strength, and increases with increasing radial electric field, showing that the instability is linked to the E x B flow of the electron plasma. The frequency does not, however, scale exactly with E/B, and it depends on the ion species that is introduced, implying that the instability consists of interacting perturbations of ions and electrons.
Analytical expressions for the normalized transmittance of a thin material with simultaneous nonlocal nonlinear change in refraction and absorption are reported. Gaussian decomposition method was ...used to obtain the formulas that are adequate for any magnitude of the nonlinear changes. Particular cases of no locality are compared with the local case. Experimental results are reproduced (fitted) with the founded expressions.
A rapid and precise method for identifying European hake (Merluccius merluccius) based on TaqMan technology is presented. The method can be applied to fresh, frozen, and processed fish products to ...detect the fraudulent or unintentional mislabeling of this species. Specific primers and a minor groove binding (MGB) TaqMan probe were designed for this purpose based on partial sequences of the mitochondrial DNA control region. Combinations of primers and probe concentrations that gave the lowest Ct value and the highest final fluorescence value were selected to carry out efficiency, specificity, and cross-reactivity assays. The method was successfully tested on 31 commercial hake samples. A Ct value of about 16 was obtained when Merluccius merluccius was present; however, the fluorescence signal was not detected most of the time (Ct value 40) or presented significantly higher Ct values (38.2 ± 0.96) for the nonhake species.
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