We investigate deep learning for video compressive sensing within the scope of snapshot compressive imaging (SCI). In video SCI, multiple high-speed frames are modulated by different coding patterns ...and then a low-speed detector captures the integration of these modulated frames. In this manner, each captured measurement frame incorporates the information of all the coded frames, and reconstruction algorithms are then employed to recover the high-speed video. In this paper, we build a video SCI system using a digital micromirror device and develop both an end-to-end convolutional neural network (E2E-CNN) and a Plug-and-Play (PnP) framework with deep denoising priors to solve the inverse problem. We compare them with the iterative baseline algorithm GAP-TV and the state-of-the-art DeSCI on real data. Given a determined setup, a well-trained E2E-CNN can provide video-rate high-quality reconstruction. The PnP deep denoising method can generate decent results without task-specific pre-training and is faster than conventional iterative algorithms. Considering speed, accuracy, and flexibility, the PnP deep denoising method may serve as a baseline in video SCI reconstruction. To conduct quantitative analysis on these reconstruction algorithms, we further perform a simulation comparison on synthetic data. We hope that this study contributes to the applications of SCI cameras in our daily life.
Abstract
The prevalence of metabolic diseases is growing worldwide. Accumulating evidence suggests that solute carrier (SLC) transporters contribute to the etiology of various metabolic diseases. ...Consistent with metabolic characteristics, the top five organs in which SLC transporters are highly expressed are the kidney, brain, liver, gut, and heart. We aim to understand the molecular mechanisms of important SLC transporter-mediated physiological processes and their potentials as drug targets. SLC transporters serve as ‘metabolic gate’ of cells and mediate the transport of a wide range of essential nutrients and metabolites such as glucose, amino acids, vitamins, neurotransmitters, and inorganic/metal ions. Gene-modified animal models have demonstrated that SLC transporters participate in many important physiological functions including nutrient supply, metabolic transformation, energy homeostasis, tissue development, oxidative stress, host defense, and neurological regulation. Furthermore, the human genomic studies have identified that SLC transporters are susceptible or causative genes in various diseases like cancer, metabolic disease, cardiovascular disease, immunological disorders, and neurological dysfunction. Importantly, a number of SLC transporters have been successfully targeted for drug developments. This review will focus on the current understanding of SLCs in regulating physiology, nutrient sensing and uptake, and risk of diseases.
One-carbon folate metabolites and one-carbon-related amino acids play an important role in human physiology, and their detection in biological samples is essential. However, poor stability as well as ...low concentrations and occurrence in different species in various biological samples make their quantification very challenging. The aim of this study was to develop a simple, fast, and sensitive ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography MS/MS (UHPLC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous quantification of various one-carbon folate metabolites (folic acid (FA), tetrahydrofolic acid (THF),
-aminobenzoyl-L-glutamic acid (pABG), 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-CHOTHF), 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-CH
THF), 10-formylfolic acid (10-CHOFA), 5,10-methenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid (5,10-CH
-THF), and 4-α-hydroxy-5-methyltetrahydrofolate (hmTHF)) and one-carbon-related amino acids (homocysteine (Hcy), methionine (Met),
-ade-L-homocysteine (SAH), and
-ade-L-methionine (SAM)). The method was standardized and validated by determining the selectivity, carryover, limits of detection, limits of quantitation, linearity, precision, accuracy, recovery, and matrix effects. The extraction methods were optimized with respect to several factors: protease-amylase treatment on embryos, deconjugation time, methanol precipitation, and proteins' isoelectric point precipitation on the folate recovery. Ten one-carbon folate metabolites and four one-carbon-related amino acids were detected using the UHPLC-MS/MS technique in various biological samples. The measured values of folate in human plasma, serum, and whole blood (WB) lay within the concentration range for normal donors. The contents of each analyte in mouse plasma were as follows: pABG (864.0 nmol/L), 5-CH
THF (202.2 nmol/L), hmTHF (122.2 nmol/L), Met (8.63 μmol/L), and SAH (0.06 μmol/L). The concentration of each analyte in mouse embryos were as follows: SAM (1.09 μg/g), SAH (0.13 μg/g), Met (16.5 μg/g), 5,10-CH
THF (74.3 ng/g), pABG (20.6 ng/g), and 5-CH
THF (185.4 ng/g). A simple and rapid sample preparation and UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of the one-carbon-related folate metabolites and one-carbon-related amino acids in different biological samples.
We analyzed the enormous scale of global human needs, their carbon footprint, and how they are connected to energy availability. We established that most challenges related to resource security and ...sustainability can be solved by providing distributed, affordable, and clean energy. Catalyzed chemical transformations powered by renewable electricity are emerging successor technologies that have the potential to replace fossil fuels without sacrificing the wellbeing of humans. We highlighted the technical, economic, and societal advantages and drawbacks of short- to medium-term decarbonization solutions to gauge their practicability, economic feasibility, and likelihood for widespread acceptance on a global scale. We detailed catalysis solutions that enhance sustainability, along with strategies for catalyst and process development, frontiers, challenges, and limitations, and emphasized the need for planetary stewardship. Electrocatalytic processes enable the production of solar fuels and commodity chemicals that address universal issues of the water, energy and food security nexus, clothing, the building sector, heating and cooling, transportation, information and communication technology, chemicals, consumer goods and services, and healthcare, toward providing global resource security and sustainability and enhancing environmental and social justice.
Ablation of Slc22a14 causes male infertility in mice, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we show that SLC22A14 is a riboflavin transporter localized at the inner mitochondrial ...membrane of the spermatozoa mid-piece and show by genetic, biochemical, multi-omic, and nutritional evidence that riboflavin transport deficiency suppresses the oxidative phosphorylation and reprograms spermatozoa energy metabolism by disrupting flavoenzyme functions. Specifically, we find that fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) is defective with significantly reduced levels of acyl-carnitines and metabolites from the TCA cycle (the citric acid cycle) but accumulated triglycerides and free fatty acids in Slc22a14 knockout spermatozoa. We demonstrate that Slc22a14-mediated FAO is essential for spermatozoa energy generation and motility. Furthermore, sperm from wild-type mice treated with a riboflavin-deficient diet mimics those in Slc22a14 knockout mice, confirming that an altered riboflavin level causes spermatozoa morphological and bioenergetic defects. Beyond substantially advancing our understanding of spermatozoa energy metabolism, our study provides an attractive target for the development of male contraceptives.
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•Slc22a14 deficiency results in decreased sperm motility and male infertility•Slc22a14 ablation disrupts fatty acid β-oxidation and flavoenzyme activity•Slc22a14 is a riboflavin transporter located at inner mitochondrial membrane in sperm
Long-chain fatty acid β-oxidation is an important energy source during epididymal maturation of spermatozoa. Kuang et al. show that Slc22a14 is a riboflavin transporter located at the inner mitochondrial membrane. Slc22a14 deficiency in the spermatozoa mid-piece disrupts the riboflavin transport and subsequently alters flavoenzyme-mediated bioenergetic metabolism, resulting in male infertility.
Beiging of white adipose tissue (WAT) is a particularly appealing target for therapeutics in the treatment of metabolic diseases through norepinephrine (NE)-mediated signaling pathways. Although ...previous studies report NE clearance mechanisms via SLC6A2 on sympathetic neurons or proinflammatory macrophages in adipose tissues (ATs), the low catecholamine clearance capacity of SLC6A2 may limit the cleaning efficiency. Here, we report that mouse organic cation transporter 3 (Oct3; Slc22a3) is highly expressed in WAT and displays the greatest uptake rate of NE as a selective non-neural route of NE clearance in white adipocytes, which differs from other known routes such as adjacent neurons or macrophages. We further show that adipocytes express high levels of NE degradation enzymes Maoa, Maob, and Comt, providing the molecular basis on NE clearance by adipocytes together with its reuptake transporter Oct3. Under NE administration, ablation of Oct3 induces higher body temperature, thermogenesis, and lipolysis compared with littermate controls. After prolonged cold challenge, inguinal WAT (ingWAT) in adipose-specific Oct3-deficient mice shows much stronger browning characteristics and significantly elevated expression of thermogenic and mitochondrial biogenesis genes than in littermate controls, and this response involves enhanced β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR)/protein kinase A (PKA)/cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-responsive element binding protein (Creb) pathway activation. Glycolytic genes are reprogrammed to significantly higher levels to compensate for the loss of ATP production in adipose-specific Oct3 knockout (KO) mice, indicating the fundamental role of glucose metabolism during beiging. Inhibition of β-AR largely abolishes the higher lipolytic and thermogenic activities in Oct3-deficient ingWAT, indicating the NE overload in the vicinity of adipocytes in Oct3 KO adipocytes. Of note, reduced functional alleles in human OCT3 are also identified to be associated with increased basal metabolic rate (BMR). Collectively, our results demonstrate that Oct3 governs β-AR activity as a NE recycling transporter in white adipocytes, offering potential therapeutic applications for metabolic disorders.
Multimode fiber (MMF) spectrometers suffer from the resolution-bandwidth trade-off due to the limited spatial speckle information used for spectral recovery. We demonstrate a design of an MMF ...spectrometer with scalable bandwidth using space-division multiplexing. A multicore fiber (MCF) is used to integrate with the MMF. The spatial degrees of freedom at the input are exploited to provide the independent speckle pattern, thus multiplying the spatial information and scaling the bandwidth. We have experimentally achieved 30 nm bandwidth with 0.02nm resolution at wavelength 1550 nm, only using 3 cores of a 7-core fiber and a single MMF. An efficient algorithm is developed to reconstruct the broadband sparse and dense spectrums accurately. The approach can enhance the operating bandwidth of MMF spectrometers without sacrificing the resolution, and simultaneously ensure the system complexity and stability.
A novel technique was proposed to prepare micronized fly ash (FA), broadening the application of fly ash in rubber compounds. This facile method of FA micronization is carried out by microbial ...corrosion to produce a loose structure which is easily destroyed by the following ball milling step. Only 20 min of the ball milling treatment after microbial corrosion is needed to obtain FA particles with an average size of 194 nm, representing a remarkable reduction compared to several days that are typically required to achieve such a small size through the ball milling treatment. Due to the favourable FA particle sizes and interface compatibility, the natural rubber compounds achieved a good reinforcement effect at 20.7 MPa. The improved mechanical properties of the simple FA micronization method explored in this work are highly favourable for expanding the use of FA as reinforcement fillers to partially replace the carbon black fillers that are currently widely used in the rubber industry.
Yellow mustards are widely cultivated for their spicy flavor and are rich source of glucosinolates and myrosinase. The predominant glucosinolate in yellow mustard seeds is sinalbin and corresponding ...isothiocyanate is 4-hydroxybenzyl isothiocyanate upon hydrolysis by endogenous myrosinase. The isothiocyanates from sinalbin hydrolysis draws unique interest because of their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities and has been applied in various food products for extending the shelf life. In this study, the hydrolysis of sinalbin for the production of 4-hydroxybenzyl isothiocyanate from yellow mustard seeds was optimized based on myrosinase activity by applying the response surface methodology with three-factor-three-level Box-Behnken Design (BBD). It was found that the sinalbin content in yellow mustard seeds could reach up to 87.9 mg/g seeds. The highest hydrolysis of sinalbin to 4-hydroxybenzyl isothiocyanate 20.1 (mg/g seeds) was achieved under optimum hydrolysis conditions of homogenization for 5 min at pH 5.8 with 4.5 mM ascorbic acid and incubation at 51°C for 15.8 min. This study showed that the production of 4-hydroxybenzyl isothiocyanate from sinalbin was correlated with the myrosinase activity and high amounts of active isothiocyanate could be obtained under optimized hydroxylation conditions. This study also provides new insights into the future design of products rich in isothiocyanates from mustard seeds.
Three different feed emulsions of different particle sizes were mixed with a modified starch and maltodextrin and spray dried to make a large (LP), small (SP), and nano-size encapsulated powder (NP), ...respectively. Emulsion size, oil content, loading capacity (LC), encapsulation efficiency (EE), water content, aw, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), glass transition temperature (Tg), as well as d-limonene release characteristic and limonene oxide formation rate during 37 °C and various aw storage were determined. With the increase of the feed emulsion size, the reconstituted emulsion size of the LP tended to increase and change to a bimodal distribution. The surface oil content increased with the increasing size of the reconstituted emulsion, and the opposite was true for EE. The smaller the reconstituted emulsion size, the higher Tg during a low aw condition. The Tg of the LP, SP and NP were 62, 88, and 100 °C, respectively, and NP > SP > LP. The release and the oxidative rate of d-limonene was the lowest for the NP and then increased for the SP and LP. The release and oxidative rates increased with the elevation of aw and peaked at 0.33. The powder surface morphological structure was intact, the spray-dried powder was more stable, and microstructure changed from a glass state to a rubbery state during storage.
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