Resumen Introducción El aumento progresivo de la demencia hace conveniente disponer de métodos rápidos que complementen los estudios poblacionales de prevalencia. Objetivo Estimar la prevalencia de ...demencia en la población mayor de 65 años a partir del consumo de anticolinesterásicos y memantina. Métodos Estudio descriptivo del uso de anticolinesterásicos y/o memantina en 2011 en 2 bases de datos: Farm@drid, con registro de facturación en farmacias de la Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid (CAM) y Base de Investigación Farmacoepidemiológica en Atención Primaria (BIFAP), con registros sobre diagnóstico y prescripción. Se analizó la comparabilidad de resultados sobre utilización de fármacos de ambas bases mediante χ2 de Pearson y razón de prevalencias. La prevalencia de demencia en la CAM se estimó a partir de la dosis por 100 habitantes/día, ajustando el resultado con los datos obtenidos en la BIFAP sobre tratamiento combinado en población general (0,37%) y proporción de pacientes con demencia en tratamiento (41,13%). Resultados El consumo de anticolinesterásicos y memantina entre la población > 65 años de la CAM fue del 2,08 y el 0,72% respectivamente. Ambas bases muestran resultados con similar uso de estos medicamentos. La prevalencia estimada de demencia en > 65 años en la CAM es del 5,91% (IC del 95%, 5,85-5,95) (52.287 personas), mayor en mujeres (7,16%) que en hombres (4,00%). Conclusiones La prevalencia estimada de demencia es similar a la encontrada en estudios poblacionales. El análisis del consumo de fármacos específicos para la demencia puede ser una herramienta fiable que actualice periódicamente esta prevalencia sin gran coste, ayudando en la planificación de recursos sociosanitarios.
El desarrollo de una sociedad cada vez más tecnológica y unos ciudadanos con mayor necesidad de interactuar a través de las TIC (Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación) está llevando a la ...comunidad científica a replantearse la forma de gestionar su trabajo y los medios para acceder a la investigación y a los sujetos investigados. Desde este planteamiento, el uso de plataformas virtuales para la evaluación e investigación facilita tanto el acceso de los individuos como la labor de los investigadores. En este documento presentamos la plataforma de Evaluación Psicosocial "MenPas", desarrollada especialmente para el campo de la Psicología del Deporte aunque abierta a otras disciplinas, en la que se desarrollan evaluaciones e investigaciones relativas a los diferentes cuestionarios y aplicaciones implementadas en la misma. A modo de ejemplo se utilizan datos descriptivos relativos a tres de los cuestionarios disponibles en la plataforma (IPSETA, IPED, PID) con la intención de establecer posibles diferencias significativas en función del tipo de evaluación administrada a los participantes (anónima vs. identificada).
Resumen Introducción El análisis del consumo de fármacos en grandes grupos poblacionales permite ver tendencias de consumo y comparar diferentes ámbitos. Objetivo Analizar la tendencia temporal de ...consumo y costes de fármacos específicos para la demencia en la comunidad autónoma de Madrid (CAM) y comparar por grupos de edad y sexo. Métodos Estudio descriptivo, seleccionando anticolinesterásicos (N06DA) y memantina (N06DX01) dispensados en la CAM del 2002 al 2012 con cargo al Sistema Nacional de Salud. El consumo se calculó analizando la evolución de las dosis diarias definidas (DDD), con incrementos totales y anuales. El coste se estimó por precio de DDD. Para comparar el consumo por edad y sexo, se calcularon las DDD por 100 habitantes-día. Resultados Del 2002 al 2012 se multiplicó por 6 el consumo de fármacos para la demencia. El 76,70% de los fármacos consumidos en este periodo fueron anticolinesterásicos y el 23,30% memantina. La evolución del coste estimado se multiplicó por 5,7 en 11 años (por 4 considerando utilización de fármacos genéricos). En 2012, el 2,42% de los mayores de 65 años consumió anticolinesterásicos (2,82% mujeres, 1,83% hombres) y el 0,90% memantina (1,10% mujeres, 0,61% hombres). El consumo aumentó hasta los 86-90 años (5,84% en anticolinesterásicos; 2,33% en memantina), disminuyendo posteriormente. Conclusiones El consumo de anticolinesterásicos y memantina aumentó progresivamente, sin alcanzar en 2012 cifras equivalentes a la prevalencia poblacional de demencia. Las medidas de contención de gasto farmacéutico pueden frenar el aumento del coste, aunque este volverá a crecer si persiste la misma tendencia temporal de consumo.
•Chiral separations on amylose tris(3-chloro-5-methylphenylcarbamate) column.•Evaluation of variables influencing enantioseparation of β-blockers by HPLC.•Effect of mobile phase composition and ...temperature in HPLC polar-organic conditions.•Study of solvent and buffer type, pH and composition of mobile phases in RP-HPLC.•Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography mode is explored and discussed.
In this study, we describe the experimental variables influencing enantioseparation of twelve β-blockers when analyzed under polar-organic, reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography conditions on a column with immobilized amylose tris(3-chloro-5-methylphenylcarbamate) as chiral stationary phase. Regarding polar-organic mode, two component mobile phases consisting of methanol, ethanol or acetonitrile with the addition of basic additives such as diethylamine, triethylamine, mono-ethanolamine, ethylendiamine or trifluoroacetic acid/diethylamine mixture were evaluated. Studies of retention at different temperatures were also performed. In reversed-phase mode, mixtures consisting of methanol or acetonitrile with either aqueous boric acid-borate buffer or sodium hydrogen carbonate-carbonate buffer solutions were compared aiming to study the influence of organic modifier as well as buffer type and pH on resolution. In addition, a systematic evaluation of the retention factors of β-blockers enantiomers in hydro-organic eluents containing acetonitrile in presence of diethylamine as additive was carried out by increasing progressively the water content, in order to check for retention dependencies indicative of the interplay of both hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and reversed-phase modes.
Evaluation of enantioseparation on Chiralpak IG column in polar-organic conditions.•Additives on chiral separations: Effect of chemical nature and concentration studies.•Study of temperature and ...mobile phase effects on 17 pesticides enantioseparation.•Thermodynamic functions associated to the enantiorecognition process were estimated.•Enantioseparation process was discussed from a thermodynamic point of view.
In this work, the use of different solvents and temperatures was explored, aiming to evaluate their influence on the enantioseparation of pesticides by HPLC in polar-organic conditions, employing a column containing immobilized amylose tris(3-chloro-5-methylphenyl-carbamate). The chiral separation of seventeen different pesticides widely used as herbicides, fungicides, insecticides and precursors were studied. The mobile phases included methanol, ethanol, iso-propanol, n-propanol and acetonitrile; either pure or containing additives such as diethylamine, trifluoroacetic acid, formic acid, acetic acid or mixtures thereof. We studied the influence of these eluents on chiral separation of those pesticides in terms of retention factor, enantioselectivity, enantioresolution and peak symmetry. Regarding temperature influence, evaluated within the range 5 – 40 °C, nearly all the compounds decreased their retention and selectivity factors with the increase in temperature, although the effect was dependent on the mobile phase solvent. Moreover, estimation of thermodynamic parameters was performed based on linear van´t Hoff plots.
•Chiral x achiral comprehensive 2D-LC setup was implemented to separate pesticides.•LC x LC using a chiral column in the first dimension was proved to be advantageous.•An active splitter pump was ...used to control the fractions sampled to the RP column.•Enantiorecognitions on 3 polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases are compared.•24 chiral and achiral pesticides were simultaneously determined by 2D-LC.
This work demonstrates the potential of two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) to increase the resolution capacity of multiple pesticides in a single analysis of samples that contain both chiral and achiral compounds. The setup is based on the combination of a chiral column in the first dimension and an achiral column in the second dimension using the on-line full comprehensive mode (LC × LC). This method was optimized for the separation of 24 pesticides (17 chiral and 7 achiral). The 2D-LC system was built with an active flow splitter pump in order to easily adjust the volume of sample transferred to the second dimension and to select and optimize independently the flow rate in the first dimension. The first-dimension optimization involved the comparison of enantioresolution abilities of three different polysaccharides chiral stationary phases as well as different elution conditions, while in the second-dimension parameters like stationary phase and organic modifier were explored. Other experimental variables that influence the two-dimensional peak capacity (orthogonality, sampling frequency, shift gradients, etc.) are discussed.
Food transportation is a very sensitive process to human health. In the present work an analysis of the thermal behavior of a refrigerated vehicle for food transport is developed, with the purpose of ...predicting the temperature distribution inside it. The comparison between experimental data measured with the help of encapsulated sensor of temperature DS18B20, and numerical data obtained through the computational dynamics of CFD fluids is made, using the CFX module of ANSYS WORKBENCH 16.0. A quasi-experimental methodology is proposed, based on simulation, in order to estimate the internal temperature in four critical points of the vehicle, and verify if there are heat losses. The numerical results obtained have similarities, when compared with the measured temperature values. The maximum deviation is 0.43 °C, acceptable for this type of engineering application.
Gahnite (ZnAl2O4), chrysoberyl (BeAl2O4) and beryl (Be3Al2Si6O18) have been found as accessory minerals in the external, highly fractionated, leucogranitic unit within the Hercynian reversely zoned ...Belvís de Monroy pluton (westernmost part of the Montes de Toledo batholith, Cáceres, Spain). The highly felsic (SiO2>72wt.%) and peraluminous (ACNK>1.2) character of this leucogranite, together with the high content of some incompatible elements (F, Li, B, and P), seems to be a primary consequence of fractional crystallization in a magmatic closed-system. The high Be contents and Zn/FeTotal ratio (>0.01) are relevant factors which have favoured the precipitation of these minerals. Moreover, the Si, Al, P, B, and F activities might be high, favouring the magmatic crystallization of such exotic mineral phases together with Be-rich cordierite, F-rich micas, sillimanite and Al-rich phosphates. In fact, the interplay between the silica and alumina activities likely controls the stabilization and the preferential crystallization of gahnite+chrysoberyl or beryl+chrysoberyl assemblages in mm-sized microdomains. The P–T crystallization conditions are constrained by the muscovite and sillimanite stability fields and the minimum granite Al2O3-saturated solidus, and have been estimated at temperatures between 670 and 700°C, and pressures between 1 and 2kbar.
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•First report of gahnite, chrysoberyl and beryl assemblages in a leucogranite.•Gahnite composition enlarges previous igneous field (higher hercynite molecule).•Silica and alumina activities control the stability of Be–Zn–Al-rich minerals.•Ghn, Chb or Brl assemblage crystallizes in different chemical microdomains.
•Adipose-derived stem cells were tested as therapy for canine inflammatory bowel disease.•Clinical indices and laboratory end point changes were used to assess efficacy.•Clinical indices decreased ...significantly after therapy.•Clinical remission was achieved in 9/11 patients.
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects in experimental colitis, and promising clinical results have been obtained in humans with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. The aim of this study was to determine the safety and feasibility of adipose tissue-derived MSC (ASC) therapy in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Eleven dogs with confirmed IBD received one ASC intravascular (IV) infusion (2 × 106 cells/kg bodyweight). The outcome measures were clinical response based on percentage reduction of the validated Clinical Inflammatory Bowel Disease Activity Index (CIBDAI) and Canine Chronic Enteropathy Clinical Activity Index (CCECAI), as well as normalisation of C-reactive protein (CRP), albumin, folate and cobalamin serum concentrations at day 42 post-treatment. The Wilcoxon test was used to compare variables before and after treatment.
No acute reaction to ASC infusion and no side effects were reported during follow-up in any dog. Six weeks post-treatment, the CIBDAI and CCECAI decreased significantly and albumin, cobalamin and folate concentrations increased substantially. Differences in CRP concentrations pre- and post-treatment were not significant (P = 0.050). Clinical remission (defined by a reduction of initial CIBDAI and CCECAI >75%) occurred in 9/11 dogs at day 42. The two remaining dogs showed a partial response with reduction percentages of 69.2% and 71.4%. In conclusion, a single IV infusion of allogeneic ASCs was well tolerated and appeared to produce clinical benefits in dogs with severe IBD.
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