The use of synthetic plastic films has raised several environmental issues. The use of bioplastics is therefore expected as an alternative. In this study, sorghum grain extract was explored as the ...source for bioplastic films considering the prediction of massive availability of sorghum grains as by-products of bioethanol production. Sorghum grain extracts are rich in carbohydrate and protein, the two principals of bioplastic making. Therefore, the ability to re-utilize sorghum grain extracts is further expected to reduce the production cost. In addition to sorghum grain extracts, additives were involved in the process, which were carrageenan and sorbitol. Carrageenan was used as a gelling agent during the bioplastic’s productions while sorbitol was involved as the plasticizer. The effect of sorbitol and the ratio of sorghum extract to carrageenan on the physical and mechanical properties of the bioplastic film were investigated. The concentration of sorbitol was varied at 0, 2, 4, and 6%; the ratio of sweet sorghum extract to carrageenan was varied as 5:5, 6:4, 7:3, and 8:2 at sorbitol concentration of 4%. The alkaline method was used to solubilize milled sorghum grain. The solution casting method was used to produce the bioplastic film. The film thickness was dependent on the concentration of the sorghum extract. The sorbitol incorporation reduced the tensile strength of the film while the concentration of the sorghum extract did not significantly alter the tensile strength. Improved flexibility was observed as the sorbitol concentration was increased. Water vapor transmission rate of the films is in the range of 100–147 g/m
2
day, lower than polymethylpentene (PMP), a polyolefin petroleum-based plastic film, indicating the potential of the bioplastic films for future application. This further indicates the possible biorefinery of sorghum by-products as raw materials for bioplastic production.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Manakah model pembelajaran yang unggul dari model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Team Assisted Individualization (TAI) dan model pembelajaran koopertif tipe ...Think Talk Write (TTW). Tipe penelitian yang digunakan adalah tipe desain Posttest Only Group Design. Sampel dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan teknik Purpose Sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat model yang unggul dari model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Team Assisted Individualization (TAI) dan model pembelajaran koopertif tipe Think Talk Write (TTW). Hal ini ditunjukkan pada hasil perhitungan dengan menggunakan uji lanjut yaitu, uji Tukey’s HSD yang diperoleh nilai HSD = 11,8011 dan dibandingkan dengan nilai rata-rata antar kelompok untuk X1 = 58,79 dan X2 = 67,03, maka nilai X2 = 67,03 mempunyai nilai rata-rata yang tinggi bila dibandingkan dengan nilai HSD 11,8011 yang menyebabkan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Think Talk Write (TTW) yang lebih unggul
Abstract Background Spinal cord compression is a rare presentation of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in children. We aimed to describe the prevalence, histological subtypes, clinical presentation, ...therapy, and outcome of those children in a population‐based cohort. The chemotherapy regimen remained comparable over time. Methods We retrospectively identified all children and adolescents with paresis as initial manifestations of the NHL between January 1990 and December 2020 from the NHL‐BFM database. Characteristics, therapy, and outcome data were gathered from the database and patient files. Results Fifty‐seven of 4779 children (1.2%) presented with initial paresis due to spinal cord compression. The median age was 10.3 years (range, 3.1‐18.0 years), and 33% were female. Initial symptoms were paresis/weakness ( n = 50, 88%), back pain ( n = 33, 58%), paresthesia ( n = 23, 40%), and bladder dysfunction and/or constipation ( n = 22, 39%), persisting for a median of 14 days before diagnosis. Subtype distribution was mature B‐NHL ( n = 41, 72%), precursor B‐lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL) ( n = 12, 21%), anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) ( n = 3, 5%), and T‐LBL ( n = 1, 2%). Initial emergency therapy included surgery (70%) and/or chemotherapy/steroids (63%). Five‐year event‐free survival and overall survival (80% ± 5% and 82% ± 5%, respectively) were comparable with all other NHL patients. Neurological symptoms persisted in approximately one‐third of surviving patients at the last follow‐up. Conclusion 1.2% of pediatric NHL patients presented with paresis from spinal cord compression mainly due to B‐cell lymphomas. Neurological sequelae were observed in one‐third of surviving patients.
Abstract
Epoxy is a compound that is produced from the reaction between double bond inside the fatty acid and active oxygen. This compound could be applied as a stabilizer, plasticizer on PVC ...(Polyvinyl Chloride) and could be used an antioxidant in processing natural rubber, surfactant, anti-corrosive-additive agent on lubricant, and as raw material for pesticide. The raw material in this study was papaya seed oil. The aim of this research to get the effect of catalyst concentration, amount of H
2
O
2
(ml) and stirring rate (rpm) on the characteristics of epoxy compounds. In this study, fatty acid, which was contained in raw material, was reacted to hexane, glacial acetic acid, H
2
O
2
with the variation of 40ml, 50ml, 60ml, and 70ml, sulfuric acid as a catalyst with variation, stirring velocity with variation of 400 rpm, 500 rpm and 600 rpm for 180 minutes. The result of this study showed that the best epoxy compound result was acquired at 2.5% of catalyst concentration, 70ml H
2
O
2
and 600 rpm of stirring speed, where the oxirane oxygen value was reached 3.52, iodine number was 10,4058 and oxygen conversion was 73, 76471%.
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