CDs sourced from spiced lemongrass have been produced by hydrothermal method at hydrothermal temperatures of 120 ℃, 140 ℃, 160 ℃ and 180 ℃. The addition of urea as a nitrogen source was carried out ...in the synthesis of carbon nanoparticles at a hydrothermal temperature of 180 ℃ for two hours and three hours to see the effect on the optical properties of the CDs. The addition of urea gave a different effect on the two CDs. But the energy band gap (Eg) of the two becomes narrower. For two hours of hydrothermal duration, the addition of urea showed a significant increase in absorbance, but a decrease in fluorescence intensity, whereas for three hours, it resulted in an increase in fluorescence intensity. The results of measuring the size distribution of carbon nanoparticles showed a peak value of 52.32 nm. Functional group analysis using the FTIR spectrometer showed that the carbon nanoparticles consisted of C=C, C-O, O-H, -N- bonds. Urbach energy (Eu) increases with increasing hydrothermal synthesis temperature at 2 hours and 3 hours. The decrease and increase in the Urbach energy (Eu) is caused by the increasing regularity of the hydrothermal temperature as a result of the synthesis time so that the structure of the CDs becomes more stable and homogeneous.
Primary resistance to immunotherapy can be observed in approximately 40-65% of the stage IV melanoma patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. A minority of the patients receive a ...second-line therapy, and the clinical benefit is small.
Stage IV melanoma patients treated with first-line PD-1-based immunotherapy between January 2015 and December 2018 were investigated. Primary resistance was defined as progressive disease (PD) at the time of the first tumor assessment after starting immunotherapy. Patients with complete response, partial response, and stable disease were classified as having disease control (DC). Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier estimator. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine prognostic factors associated with OS.
Three hundred and nineteen patients were included, and 40% had primary resistance to immunotherapy. The median follow-up time was 22 months. Patients with primary resistance had 1-, 2-, and 3-year OS rates of 41%, 15%, and 10%, respectively, compared to 91%, 81%, and 65% for the patients who achieved DC. The following independently significant prognostic factors for OS were identified: protein S100B level and primary tumor localization. There was a statistically significant difference for OS (
< 0.0001) but not for PFS (
= 0.230) when analyzing risk groups formed with a combination of these two variables (low-, intermediate-, and high-risk subgroups).
Melanoma patients with primary resistance to immunotherapy have a dismal prognosis. Response at the first tumor assessment after starting immunotherapy is a stronger prognostic factor for the further course of the disease than pretreatment risk factors.
Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui kekayaan jenis kumbang berantena panjang suku Cerambycidae, kelimpahan individu, keanekaragaman jenis, dominasi relatif dan kemerataan jenis di ...kebun sawit PT NIKP Kecamatan Rantau Pulung Kabupaten Kutai Timur. Kumbang dikoleksi dengan cara kombinasi menggunakan perangkap malaise, daun nangka dan jaring. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah jenis kumbang yang ditemukan adalah sebanyak 17 jenis dengan kelimpahan 267 individu. Indeks keanekaragaman jenis Simpson dari kumbang suku Cerambycidae di lokasi penelitian termasuk tinggi (0,80) yang mengindikasikan bahwa kondisi lokasi tersebut masih sesuai untuk kehidupan jenis-jenis kumbang suku Cerambycidae. Lima jenis yang jumlah individunya terbanyak (dominasi relatif) adalah Pterolophia crassipes (28,80%), P. melanura (27.3%), Ropica marmorata sarawakiana (14,2%), Sybra (Sybra) umbratica (12,7%) dan S. (Sybra) bifuscoplagiata (7,12%). Indeks kemerataan jenis Simpson (E) kumbang berantena panjang di lokasi penelitian adalah 0,30 yang berarti termasuk dalam kriteria tingkat kemerataan jenis yang rendah, artinya bahwa jumlah individu masing-masing jenis kumbang pada kebun sawit tersebar tidak merata.
Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui kekayaan jenis kumbang berantena panjang suku Cerambycidae, kelimpahan individu, keanekaragaman jenis, dominasi relatif dan kemerataan jenis di ...kebun sawit PT NIKP Kecamatan Rantau Pulung Kabupaten Kutai Timur. Kumbang dikoleksi dengan cara kombinasi menggunakan perangkap malaise, daun nangka dan jaring. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah jenis kumbang yang ditemukan adalah sebanyak 17 jenis dengan kelimpahan 267 individu. Indeks keanekaragaman jenis Simpson dari kumbang suku Cerambycidae di lokasi penelitian termasuk tinggi (0,80) yang mengindikasikan bahwa kondisi lokasi tersebut masih sesuai untuk kehidupan jenis-jenis kumbang suku Cerambycidae. Lima jenis yang jumlah individunya terbanyak (dominasi relatif) adalah Pterolophia crassipes (28,80%), P. melanura (27.3%), Ropica marmorata sarawakiana (14,2%), Sybra (Sybra) umbratica (12,7%) dan S. (Sybra) bifuscoplagiata (7,12%). Indeks kemerataan jenis Simpson (E) kumbang berantena panjang di lokasi penelitian adalah 0,30 yang berarti termasuk dalam kriteria tingkat kemerataan jenis yang rendah, artinya bahwa jumlah individu masing-masing jenis kumbang pada kebun sawit tersebar tidak merata.
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