In paleobiology and stratigraphy, there is a growing need to develop high‐resolution chronostratigraphic frameworks at regional scales, which would permit unprecedented assessments of spatiotemporal ...variation in preserved biotas. Here, we present an intraregional correlation for the Kope and lower Fairview Formations of the type Cincinnatian, on the basis of detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) of faunal census data; we believe that the method also holds promise as a tool of correlation in other fossiliferous venues. The data were collected directly in the field at closely spaced stratigraphic intervals but with relatively coarse taxonomic and quantitative data resolution. This approach is independent of lithologic assessments and does not require the delineation of sequence stratigraphic architecture in the study area. Faunal curves were constructed for each locality on the basis of stratigraphic changes in sample scores for DCA axis 1; the curves were smoothed to reveal a long‐term signal of paleoenvironmental change recognizable at all localities. Several inflections on the curves provided lines of correlation from locality to locality. Moreover, comparisons of sample scores among three of the localities suggested notable changes through time in the relative paleoenvironmental attributes of locations arrayed across the Cincinnatian paleoramp, indicating that the sea floor was spatiotemporally dynamic.
One of the principal goals of glycoprotein research is to correlate glycan structure and function. Such correlation is necessary in order for one to understand the mechanisms whereby glycoprotein ...structure elaborates the functions of myriad proteins. The accurate comparison of glycoforms and quantification of glycosites are essential steps in this direction. Mass spectrometry has emerged as a powerful analytical technique in the field of glycoprotein characterization. Its sensitivity, high dynamic range, and mass accuracy provide both quantitative and sequence/structural information. As part of the 2012 ABRF Glycoprotein Research Group study, we explored the use of mass spectrometry and ancillary methodologies to characterize the glycoforms of two sources of human prostate specific antigen (PSA). PSA is used as a tumor marker for prostate cancer, with increasing blood levels used to distinguish between normal and cancer states. The glycans on PSA are believed to be biantennary N-linked, and it has been observed that prostate cancer tissues and cell lines contain more antennae than their benign counterparts. Thus, the ability to quantify differences in glycosylation associated with cancer has the potential to positively impact the use of PSA as a biomarker. We studied standard peptide-based proteomics/glycomics methodologies, including LC-MS/MS for peptide/glycopeptide sequencing and label-free approaches for differential quantification. We performed an interlaboratory study to determine the ability of different laboratories to correctly characterize the differences between glycoforms from two different sources using mass spectrometry methods. We used clustering analysis and ancillary statistical data treatment on the data sets submitted by participating laboratories to obtain a consensus of the glycoforms and abundances. The results demonstrate the relative strengths and weaknesses of top-down glycoproteomics, bottom-up glycoproteomics, and glycomics methods.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of high-resolution axillary ultrasound in detecting axillary lymph node metastases after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with locally ...advanced breast cancer.
Fifty-three patients with stage II or III breast cancer undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy who had a physical examination, high-resolution axillary ultrasound, and axillary lymph node dissection from January 1999 to September 2003 were included in this study.
The positive predictive value of the postchemotherapy ultrasound for predicting pathologic nodal involvement was 83%, but the negative predictive value was only 52%. Postchemotherapy physical examination was also poor at predicting pathologic nodal involvement with a positive predictive value of 93% and a negative predictive value of only 58%.
A negative post–neoadjuvant chemotherapy high-resolution axillary ultrasound or physical examination does not predict pathologic node status, and this test has limited value in this setting.
Crinoid columnals are major faunal components of interbedded shales and carbonates of the Upper Ordovician Kope to Fairview formations (Edenian-Maysvillian) of the Cincinnati Arch region. Six species ...can be identified on the basis of distinctive morphological characters of the columnals. Crinoid distribution was plotted from point-counted carbonate samples taken through a 68-m thick composite section of the Kope to Fairview formations in Campbell County, Kentucky. This section spans a shallowing-upward, third-order depositional sequence (C1), part of C2, and the Edenian-Maysvillian Stage boundary. The slender cladid crinoid Merocrinus occurs in the lowermost Kope below the base of this section. The slender disparids Cincinnaticrinus and Ectenocrinus occur throughout the section but are most abundant in the lower 25 m where the shale percentage is 60–90 percent. The larger, more robust disparid Iocrinus appears within the carbonate-rich Grand Avenue member of the Kope at 40–50 m, and the large, plated camerate Glyptocrinus first appears just above the Grand Avenue and becomes the dominant crinoid above the C1–C2 sequence boundary that lies just above the Kope-Fairview contact. The largest and most robust crinoid in this sequence, Anomalocrinus, occurs at the top of the Grand Avenue Member. Siliciclastic ratio and biofacies composition indicate that the occurrence of larger, more robust crinoid taxa is correlated with shallowing depth. Crinoid trophic niche differentiation is also correlated with decreasing depth and the concomitant increase in water movement caused by waves and currents. The deeper water disparids have a nonpinnulate filtration fan with low branch density and wider ambulacral grooves. The shallower water camerate Glyptocrinus has a pinnulate filtration fan with high branch density and narrower ambulacral grooves. These relationships are consistent with the predictions of aerosol filtration theory.
To identify predictors of nonsentinel node (NSN) tumor involvement in patients with a tumor-involved sentinel node (SN).
For many breast cancer patients who undergo intraoperative lymphatic mapping ...and sentinel lymphadenectomy (LM/SL), the SN is the only tumor-involved axillary node. Associations between NSN tumor involvement and several clinical and histopathologic factors have been identified. The authors hypothesize that extracapsular extension (ECE) of the SN metastasis is highly predictive of NSN tumor involvement.
Between May 1998 and December 2001, 260 patients (263 cases) with clinical T1 or T2 (<5.0 cm) breast cancer underwent LM/SL at the University of North Carolina, using a combined blue dye and technetium sulfur colloid technique. In all cases with a tumor-involved SN, axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) was recommended. Statistical analysis, with Pearson chi-square tests, Fisher exact test, and multiple logistic regression, was performed.
The SN contained tumor in 74 (28.1%) cases. ALND was performed in 70 of the 74 cases. ECE of the SN metastasis was present in 18 (25.7%) of the 70 cases. Patients with ECE of the SN metastasis were more likely to have NSN tumor involvement and had a greater total number of tumor-involved nodes than patients without ECE of the SN metastasis. Increasing size of the SN metastasis and increasing size of the primary tumor, examined as continuous variables, were associated with an increased likelihood of NSN tumor involvement on univariate analysis. However, only ECE of the SN metastasis was associated with NSN tumor involvement on multivariate analysis.
ECE of the SN metastasis is a strong predictor of NSN tumor involvement. All patients with ECE of the SN metastasis should undergo mandatory completion ALND.
Previous analyses of meter‐scale cyclicity have de‐emphasized thin beds within investigated stratigraphic intervals. Here, we analyze the effect of excluding relatively thin beds on cycle delineation ...and interpretation in the type Cincinnatian Series. Whereas inclusion of all strata suggests wide variation in cycle architecture, systematic culling of thin beds decreases this variability considerably, in part by removing much of the evidence for intervals of deepening that are important components in more than half the meter‐scale cycles recognized here. Thus, cycles in the culled data conform more easily to a parasequence model, in that a greater plurality exhibit a simple shallowing‐upward motif, raising the concern that the exclusion of thin beds in other analyses might similarly oversimplify the perceived signal of cyclicity.
Critical debates in tourism Singh, Tej Vir
Multilingual Matters eBooks,
2012., 2012, 2012-08-14, Letnik:
57
eBook, Book
Odprti dostop
The book examines perplexing tourism debates such as the relevance of mass tourism, climate change, authenticity, tourism and poverty and slow tourism. It covers applied aspects of sociology, ...anthropology, humanities and biosciences. It is unique in its presentation and style and will be an essential resource for academics and practitioners.
In light of climate change's impacts on forests, including extreme drought and late-frost, leading to vitality decline and regional forest die-back, we assess univariate drought and late-frost risks ...and perform a joint risk analysis in Bavaria, Germany, from 1952 to 2020. Utilizing a vast dataset with 26 bioclimatic and topographic variables, we employ vine copula models due to the data's non-Gaussian and asymmetric dependencies. We use D-vine regression for univariate and Y-vine regression for bivariate analysis, and propose corresponding univariate and bivariate conditional probability risk measures. We identify "at-risk" regions, emphasizing the need for forest adaptation due to climate change.
The ravaging fires in Yellowstone National Park in 1988 caused grave concern among scientists about the possible short- and longterm repercussions. This book provides the first comprehensive ...scientific summary of the actual response of the Yellowstone ecosystem to the fires.Written by experts in wildlife biology, ecosystem science, landscape ecology, and forest science, the book shows not only that many things changed after the fires (for ecological components of the system are interactive) but also that some things did not change. The largest effects of the fires were felt at the smallest scales, and the long-term devastation predicted did not come to pass. The resilience of this naturally functioning ecosystem to these huge fires has important lessons for heavily managed regions.
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