Egypt has one of the highest burdens of HCV infection worldwide. It has a large treatment programme, but reaching rural communities represents a major challenge. We report on the feasibility and ...effectiveness of a comprehensive community-based HCV prevention, testing and treatment model whose goal was to eliminate infection from all adult villagers.
An HCV “educate, test and treat” programme was implemented in 73 villages across 7 governorates in Egypt between 06/2015 and 06/2018. The programme model comprised community mobilisation facilitated by a network of village promoters to support the education, testing and treatment of patients, as well as fundraising in the local community. Comprehensive testing, linkage to care and treatment were provided for all eligible villagers aged 12 to 80 years.
Of 221,855 eligible villagers, 204,749 (92.3%, 95% CI 91.6–93.5) were screened for HCV antibody and HBsAg, of whom 33,839 (16.5%, 95% CI 12.2–16.1) and 763 (0.4%, 95% CI 0.3–0.5) were positive, respectively. Nearly all 33,839 HCV antibody positive individuals had a sample immediately collected for HCV RNA testing, and 15,892 were HCV RNA positive. The overall prevalence of HCV viraemia was 7.8%. A total of 14,495 (91.2%, 95% CI 89.9–96.4) patients received treatment within a median of 2.1 weeks from serological diagnosis (IQR 0.6–3.3 weeks) and a sustained virological response was achieved among 14,238 of the treated cases (98.3%, 95% CI 96.7–98.6). Cirrhosis was present in 3,192 patients (20.1%), of whom 166 (5.2%) were diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma. There was treatment coverage and cure of 84.6% of the estimated 17,137 infected persons aged 12–80 years across the 73 villages.
In this study of more than 200,000 villagers, we demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of a community-based “educate, test and treat” programme as a model for the elimination of HCV infection in rural communities.
A large community-based educate, test and treat hepatitis C programme was conducted in more than 200,000 villagers across 73 villages in Egypt. This study demonstrates that a simplified care model can achieve high uptake of testing, linkage to care and treatment, with high cure rates. We consider this a model for the elimination of hepatitis C virus infection in rural communities, which can be applied to other countries highly affected by hepatitis C.
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•An Educate, test and treat model programme is feasible and effective for HCV elimination in rural communities.•Over 200,000 villagers were screened for HCV and there were high levels of linkage across all steps in the care cascade. A total of 14,495 infected patients received treatment.
Egypt has a major HCV burden and a well established treatment programme, with an ambitious goal of HCV elimination. Our aim was to assess the impact of a comprehensive HCV prevention, test and treat ...programme on the incidence of new HCV infections in 9 villages in rural Egypt.
An HCV “educate, test and treat” project was implemented in 73 villages across 7 governorates in Egypt between 06/2015 and 06/2018. In 2018, in 9 of the villages we re-tested individuals who originally tested HCV antibody (HCV-Ab) and HBsAg negative using rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs); confirmatory HCV RNA testing was performed for positive cases. The incidence rate per 1,000 person-years (py) was calculated, and risk factors for incident HCV infections assessed through an interviewer-administered questionnaire in 1:3 age- and gender-matched cases and controls.
Out of 20,490 individuals who originally tested HCV-Ab negative in the 9 villages during the 2015–2016 implementation of the “educate, test and treat” programme, 19,816 (96.7%) were re-tested in 2018. Over a median of 2.4 years (IQR 2.1–2.7), there were 19 new HCV infections all of which were HCV RNA positive (incidence rate 0.37/1,000 py) (95% CI 0.24–0.59). Compared to a previous estimate of incidence in the Nile Delta region (2.4/1,000 py) from 2006, there was a substantial reduction in overall incidence of new HCV infections. Exposures through surgery (odds ratio 51; 95% CI 3.5–740.1) and dental procedures (odds ratio 23.8; 95% CI 2.9–194.9) were significant independent predictors of incident infections.
This is the first study to show a substantial reduction in incidence of new HCV infections in a sample of the general population in Egypt following attainment of high testing and treatment coverage. New infections were significantly associated with healthcare-associated exposures.
Egypt has a major national HCV testing and treatment programme with the goal of eliminating HCV infection. We assessed the impact of a comprehensive HCV prevention, test and treat programme in 73 villages that achieved high coverage of testing and treatment on the subsequent incidence of new HCV infections in nine of the villages. We re-tested people who were previously HCV antibody negative and found that the rate of new HCV infections was greatly reduced compared to previous estimates. We also found that exposure through surgery and dental procedures were associated with these new infections. This highlights the importance of continued strengthening of infection control and prevention measures, alongside treatment scale-up.
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•A comprehensive HCV prevention, test and treat programme project was implemented in 73 villages in Egypt between 06/2015 and 06/2018.•In 2018, in 9 of the villages we re-tested 19816 persons who originally tested HCV antibody negative.•There were 19 new HCV infections corresponding to an incidence rate of 0.37/1000 person years - an overall 84.6% reduction in incidence compared to a previous baseline estimate of 2.4/1000 person years from 2006.•Exposure through surgery and dental procedures were significant independent predictors of incident infections.
Prompt access to confirmatory viral load testing and staging of liver disease are key barriers in uptake of treatment for chronic hepatitis B and C infection. Our objective was to establish the ...feasibility of a same day ‘test and treat’ model in two distinct community‐based settings in Egypt through use of key point‐of‐care (POC) portable tools for HCV and HBV viral load assessment and staging of liver disease followed by treatment initiation. Community sites were a village in northern Egypt (site 1) and a government office in Cairo (site 2). The following model was adopted: community awareness raising in the week before project initiation; site assessment to ensure optimal placement and calibration of equipment and clinical care set‐up; transfer of key portable laboratory instruments to the sites (four cartridge GeneXpert, FibroScan and abdominal ultrasound); screening using rapid diagnostic tests for HCV‐Ab and HBsAg, with immediate venous or finger‐stick blood sampling for HCV‐RNA and HBV‐DNA assay, FibroScan staging of liver disease and ultrasound screening for liver cancer. At site 1, 475 individuals were screened over a single day, 125 were positive for HCV‐Ab and 4 for HBsAg, 43 of 56 new HCV diagnoses were HCV RNA positive, and 3 of 4 HBsAg positive were HBV DNA positive, 40 initiated HCV treatment, and one HBV treatment . At site 2, 3188 individuals were screened over 3 days, 157 were positive for HCV‐Ab, and 27 for HBsAg; 38 of 76 new HCV diagnoses were HCV RNA positive, and 15 of 18 HBsAg positive were HBV‐DNA positive. Across both sites, 78 patients were counselled and initiated on treatment for HCV and 12 for HBV within 3 and 4 hours, respectively, of initial positive rapid diagnostic test result. We have shown the feasibility of a same day ‘test and treat’ model for chronic HCV and HBV infection in two community‐based settings in Egypt that achieved high levels of linkage to care and initial treatment.
LINKED CONTENT
This article is linked to Tahata et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16632 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16721
Background. This paper aims to present cancer incidence rates at national and regional level of Egypt, based upon results of National Cancer Registry Program (NCRP). Methods. NCRP stratified Egypt ...into 3 geographical strata: lower, middle, and upper. One governorate represented each region. Abstractors collected data from medical records of cancer centers, national tertiary care institutions, Health Insurance Organization, Government-Subsidized Treatment Program, and death records. Data entry was online. Incidence rates were calculated at a regional and a national level. Future projection up to 2050 was also calculated. Results. Age-standardized incidence rates per 100,000 were 166.6 (both sexes), 175.9 (males), and 157.0 (females). Commonest sites were liver (23.8%), breast (15.4%), and bladder (6.9%) (both sexes): liver (33.6%) and bladder (10.7%) among men, and breast (32.0%) and liver (13.5%) among women. By 2050, a 3-fold increase in incident cancer relative to 2013 was estimated. Conclusion. These data are the only available cancer rates at national and regional levels of Egypt. The pattern of cancer indicated the increased burden of liver cancer. Breast cancer occupied the second rank. Study of rates of individual sites of cancer might help in giving clues for preventive programs.
Background & Aims
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk persists after hepatitis C virus (HCV) eradication with direct‐acting antivirals (DAAs), particularly in patients with cirrhosis. Identifying ...those who are likely to develop HCC is a critical unmet medical need. Our aim is to develop a score that offers individualized patient HCC risk prediction.
Methods
This two‐centre prospective study included 4400 patients, with cirrhosis and advanced fibrosis who achieved a sustained virologic response (SVR), including 2372 patients (derivation cohort). HCC‐associated factors were identified by multivariable Cox regression analysis to develop a scoring model for prediction of HCC risk; and subsequently internally and externally validated in two independent cohorts of 687 and 1341 patients.
Results
In the derivation cohort, the median follow‐up was 23.51 ± 8.21 months, during which 109 patients (4.7%) developed HCC. Age, sex, serum albumin, α fetoprotein and pretreatment fibrosis stage were identified as risk factors for HCC. A simple predictive model (GES) score was constructed. The 2‐year cumulative HCC incidence using Kaplan‐Meier method was 1.2%, 3.3% and 7.1% in the low‐risk, medium‐risk and high‐risk groups respectively. Internal and external validation showed highly significant difference among the three risk groups (P < .001) with regard to cumulative HCC risk. GES score has high predictive ability value (Harrell's C statistic 0.801), that remained robustly consistent across two independent validation cohorts (Harrell's C statistic 0.812 and 0.816).
Conclusion
GES score is simple with validated good predictive ability for the development of HCC after eradication of HCV and may be useful for HCC risk stratification in those patients.
Background and aim
Many HCC risk prediction scores were developed to guide HCC risk stratification and identify CHC patients who either need intensified surveillance or may not require screening. ...There is a need to compare different scores and their predictive performance in clinical practice. We aim to compare the newest HCC risk scores evaluating their discriminative ability, and clinical utility in a large cohort of CHC patients.
Patients and methods
The performance of the scores was evaluated in 3075 CHC patients who achieved SVR following DAAs using Log rank, Harrell’s c statistic, also tested for HCC-risk stratification and negative predictive values.
Results
HCC developed in 212 patients within 5 years follow-up. Twelve HCC risk scores were identified and displayed significant Log rank (
p
≤ 0.05) except Alonso-Lopez TE-HCC, and Chun scores (
p
= 0.374,
p
= 0.053, respectively). Analysis of the remaining ten scores revealed that ADRES, GES pre-post treatment, GES algorithm and Watanabe (post-treatment) scores including dynamics of AFP, were clinically applicable and demonstrated good statistical performance; Log rank analysis < 0.001, Harrell’s
C
statistic (0.66–0.83) and high negative predictive values (94.38–97.65%). In these three scores, the 5 years cumulative IR in low risk groups be very low (0.54–1.6), so screening could be avoided safely in these patients.
Conclusion
ADRES, GES (pre- and post-treatment), GES algorithm and Watanabe (post-treatment) scores seem to offer acceptable HCC-risk predictability and clinical utility in CHC patients. The dynamics of AFP as a component of these scores may explain their high performance when compared to other scores.
Egypt has one of the highest prevalences and burdens of hepatitis C virus (HCV) worldwide, and a large government treatment programme. However, identifying and treating people who are infected in ...rural communities can be a substantial challenge. We designed and evaluated a comprehensive community-led outreach programme for prevention, testing, and treatment of HCV infection in one village in northern Egypt, with the goal to eliminate HCV infection from all adult villagers, and as a model for potential adoption in rural settings.
A community-based education and test-and-treat project was established in Al-Othmanya village. The programme consisted of community mobilisation facilitated by a network of village promoters and establishment of partnerships; an educational campaign to raise awareness and promote behavioural changes; fundraising for public donations in the local community; and comprehensive testing, diagnosis, and treatment. For the educational campaign, we used public awareness events, house-to-house visits, and promotional materials (eg, booklets, cartoons, songs) to raise awareness of HCV and its transmission, and changes in knowledge, attitudes, and practices were measured through the use of a survey done before and after the educational campaign. Comprehensive testing, linkage to care, and treatment was offered to all eligible villagers (ie, those aged 12-80 years who had not previously been treated for HCV). Testing was done by use of HCV antibody and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) rapid diagnostic tests, with HCV-RNA PCR confirmation of positive cases, and staging of liver disease by use of transient elastography. HCV-RNA-positive participants were offered a 24-week course of sofosbuvir (400 mg orally, daily) and ribavirin (1000-1200 mg orally, daily) with an assessment of cure (sustained virological response) at 12 weeks after completion of treatment (SVR12).
Between June 6, 2015, and June 9, 2016, 4215 (89%) of 4721 eligible villagers were screened for HCV antibodies and HBsAg. Of these participants, 530 (13%) were HCV antibody positive and eight (<1%) were HBsAg positive. All HCV-antibody-positive individuals had an HCV-RNA assay, and 312 (59%) were HCV-RNA positive. All 312 completed a full baseline assessment with staging of liver disease, and 300 (96%) were given 24 weeks of sofosbuvir and ribavirin treatment within a median of 2·3 weeks (IQR 0·0-3·7) from serological diagnosis. 293 (98%) of the treated participants achieved SVR12. 42 (13%) HCV-RNA-positive participants had cirrhosis as determined by transient elastography, of whom 12 (29%) were diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma on the basis of α-fetoprotein measurement and ultrasound. 3575 (85%) of 4215 eligible villagers completed the baseline and after educational campaign survey, and awareness, knowledge, and adoption of safer practices to prevent HCV transmission all significantly increased (p<0·0001).
This community-led educate, test-and-treat demonstration project achieved high uptake of HCV testing, linkage to care and treatment, and attainment of cure in one village, as well as awareness and adoption of practices to prevent transmission in the community. This approach could be an important strategy for adoption in rural settings to complement the national government programme towards the elimination of HCV in Egypt.
Egyptian Liver Research Institute and Hospital.
Background
Non‐invasive tests (NITs), such as Fibrosis‐4 index (FIB‐4) and the aspartate aminotransferase‐to‐platelet ratio index (APRI), developed using classical statistical methods, are ...increasingly used for determining liver fibrosis stages and recommended in treatment guidelines replacing the liver biopsy. Application of conventional cutoffs of FIB‐4 and APRI resulted in high rates of misclassification of fibrosis stages.
Aim
There is an unmet need for more accurate NITs that can overcome the limitations of FIB‐4 and APRI.
Patients and methods
Machine learning with the random forest algorithm was used to develop a non‐invasive index using retrospective data of 7238 patients with biopsy‐proven chronic hepatitis C from two centers in Egypt; derivation dataset (n = 1821) and validation set in the second center (n = 5417). Receiver operator curve analysis was used to define cutoffs for different stages of fibrosis. Performance of the new score was externally validated in cohorts from two other sites in Egypt (n = 560) and seven different countries (n = 1317). Fibrosis stages were determined using the METAVIR score. Results were also compared with three established tools (FIB‐4, APRI, and the aspartate aminotransferase‐to‐alanine aminotransferase ratio AAR).
Results
Age in addition to readily available laboratory parameters such as aspartate, and alanine aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, albumin (g/dl), and platelet count (/cm3) correlated with the biopsy‐derived stage of liver fibrosis in the derivation cohort and were used to construct the model for predicting the fibrosis stage by applying the random forest algorithm, resulting in an FIB‐6 index, which can be calculated easily at http://fib6.elriah.info. Application of the cutoff values derived from the derivation group on the validation groups yielded very good performance in ruling out cirrhosis (negative predictive value NPV = 97.7%), compensated advance liver disease (NPV = 90.2%), and significant fibrosis (NPV = 65.7%). In the external validation groups from different countries, FIB‐6 demonstrated higher sensitivity and NPV than FIB‐4, APRI, and AAR.
Conclusion
FIB‐6 score is a non‐invasive, simple, and accurate test for ruling out liver cirrhosis and compensated advance liver disease in patients with chronic hepatitis C and performs better than APRI, FIB‐4, and AAR.
We have recently demonstrated the ability of a simple predictive model (GES) score to determine the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after using direct‐acting antivirals. However, our results ...were restricted to Egyptian patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 4. Therefore, we studied a large, independent cohort of multiethnic populations through our international collaborative activity. Depending on their GES scores, patients are stratified into low risk (≤ 6/12.5), intermediate risk (> 6–7.5/12.5), and high risk (> 7.5/12.5) for HCC. A total of 12,038 patients with chronic HCV were analyzed in this study, of whom 11,202 were recruited from 54 centers in France, Japan, India, the U.S., and Spain, and the remaining 836 were selected from the Gilead‐sponsored randomized controlled trial conducted across the U.S., Europe, Canada, and Australia. Descriptive statistics and log‐rank tests. The performance of the GES score was evaluated using Harrell's C‐index (HCI). The GES score proved successful at stratifying all patients into 3 risk groups, namely low‐risk, intermediate‐risk, and high‐risk. It also displayed significant predictive value for HCC development in all participants (p < .0001), with HCI ranging from 0.55 to 0.76 among all cohorts after adjusting for HCV genotypes and patient ethnicities. The GES score can be used to stratify HCV patients into 3 categories of risk for HCC, namely low‐risk, intermediate‐risk, and high‐risk, irrespective of their ethnicities or HCV genotypes. This international multicenter validation may allow the use of GES score in individualized HCC risk‐based surveillance programs.
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