The initial movement of herders and livestock into the eastern steppe is of great interest, as this region has long been home to pastoralist groups. Due to a paucity of faunal remains, however, it ...has been difficult to discern the timing of the adoption of domesticated ruminants and horses into the region, though recent research on ancient dairying has started to shed new light on this history. Here we present proteomic evidence for shifts in dairy consumption in the Altai Mountains, drawing on evidence from sites dating from the Early Bronze to the Late Iron Age. We compare these finds with evidence for the rise of social complexity in western Mongolia, as reflected in material remains signaling population growth, the establishment of structured cemeteries, and the erection of large monuments. Our results suggest that the subsistence basis for the development of complex societies began at the dawn of the Bronze Age, with the adoption of ruminant livestock. Investments in pastoralism intensified over time, enabling a food production system that sustained growing populations. While pronounced social changes and monumental constructions occurred in tandem with the first evidence for horse dairying, ~1350 cal BCE, these shifts were fueled by a long-term economic dependence on ruminant livestock. Therefore, the spread into the Mongolian Altai of herds, and then horses, resulted in immediate dietary changes, with subsequent social and demographic transformations occurring later.
Getting the right diagnosis is a key aspect of health care - it provides an explanation of a patient's health problem and informs subsequent health care decisions. The diagnostic process is a ...complex, collaborative activity that involves clinical reasoning and information gathering to determine a patient's health problem. According to Improving Diagnosis in Health Care, diagnostic errors-inaccurate or delayed diagnoses-persist throughout all settings of care and continue to harm an unacceptable number of patients. It is likely that most people will experience at least one diagnostic error in their lifetime, sometimes with devastating consequences. Diagnostic errors may cause harm to patients by preventing or delaying appropriate treatment, providing unnecessary or harmful treatment, or resulting in psychological or financial repercussions. The committee concluded that improving the diagnostic process is not only possible, but also represents a moral, professional, and public health imperative.
Improving Diagnosis in Health Care , a continuation of the landmark Institute of Medicine reports To Err Is Human (2000) and Crossing the Quality Chasm (2001), finds that diagnosis-and, in particular, the occurrence of diagnostic errors?has been largely unappreciated in efforts to improve the quality and safety of health care. Without a dedicated focus on improving diagnosis, diagnostic errors will likely worsen as the delivery of health care and the diagnostic process continue to increase in complexity. Just as the diagnostic process is a collaborative activity, improving diagnosis will require collaboration and a widespread commitment to change among health care professionals, health care organizations, patients and their families, researchers, and policy makers. The recommendations of Improving Diagnosis in Health Care contribute to the growing momentum for change in this crucial area of health care quality and safety.
The Eastern Eurasian Steppe was home to historic empires of nomadic pastoralists, including the Xiongnu and the Mongols. However, little is known about the region’s population history. Here, we ...reveal its dynamic genetic history by analyzing new genome-wide data for 214 ancient individuals spanning 6,000 years. We identify a pastoralist expansion into Mongolia ca. 3000 BCE, and by the Late Bronze Age, Mongolian populations were biogeographically structured into three distinct groups, all practicing dairy pastoralism regardless of ancestry. The Xiongnu emerged from the mixing of these populations and those from surrounding regions. By comparison, the Mongols exhibit much higher eastern Eurasian ancestry, resembling present-day Mongolic-speaking populations. Our results illuminate the complex interplay between genetic, sociopolitical, and cultural changes on the Eastern Steppe.
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•Genome-wide analysis of 214 ancient individuals from Mongolia and the Baikal region•Three genetically distinct dairy pastoralist groups in Late Bronze Age Mongolia•Xiongnu nomadic empire formed through mixing of distinct local and distant groups•No selection on the lactase persistence alleles despite 5,000 years of dairy culture
Ancient DNA from over 200 individuals inhabiting the Eastern Eurasian Steppe during the Bronze Age provides insights into the population history of the Mongols and Xiongnu.
We present the analysis of 61 nucleated dwarf galaxies in the central regions ( Rvir/4) of the Fornax galaxy cluster. The galaxies and their nuclei are studied as part of the Next Generation Fornax ...Survey using optical imaging obtained with the Dark Energy Camera mounted at Blanco/Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory and near-infrared data obtained with VIRCam at VISTA/ESO. We decompose the nucleated dwarfs in nucleus and spheroid, after subtracting the surface brightness profile of the spheroid component and studying the nucleus using point source photometry. In general, nuclei are consistent with colors of confirmed metal-poor globular clusters, but with significantly smaller dispersion than other confirmed compact stellar systems in Fornax. We find a bimodal nucleus mass distribution with peaks located at and ∼6.3. These two nucleus subpopulations have different stellar population properties: the more massive nuclei are older than ∼2 Gyr and have metal-poor stellar populations (Z ≤ 0.02 Z ), while the less massive nuclei are younger than ∼2 Gyr with metallicities in the range 0.02 < Z/Z ≤ 1. We find that the nucleus mass ( ) versus galaxy mass ( ) relation becomes shallower for less massive galaxies starting around 108 M , and the mass ratio shows a clear anticorrelation with for the lowest masses, reaching 10%. We test current theoretical models of nuclear cluster formation and find that they cannot fully reproduce the observed trends. A likely mixture of in situ star formation and star cluster mergers seems to be acting during nucleus growth over cosmic time.
Several developmental pathways contribute to processes that regulate tissue growth and organ size. The Hippo pathway has emerged as one such critical regulator. However, how Hippo signaling is ...integrated with other pathways to coordinate these processes remains unclear. Here, we show that the Hippo pathway restricts Wnt/β-Catenin signaling by promoting an interaction between TAZ and DVL in the cytoplasm. TAZ inhibits the CK1δ/ɛ-mediated phosphorylation of DVL, thereby inhibiting Wnt/β-Catenin signaling. Abrogation of TAZ levels or Hippo signaling enhances Wnt3A-stimulated DVL phosphorylation, nuclear β-Catenin, and Wnt target gene expression. Mice lacking
Taz develop polycystic kidneys with enhanced cytoplasmic and nuclear β-Catenin. Moreover, in
Drosophila, Hippo signaling modulates Wg target gene expression. These results uncover a cytoplasmic function of TAZ in regulating Wnt signaling and highlight the role of the Hippo pathway in coordinating morphogenetic signaling with growth control.
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► This work identifies a cytoplasmic role for the transcriptional coactivator TAZ ► TAZ, a Hippo pathway mediator, binds Dishevelled and inhibits Wnt signaling ► β-catenin is mislocalized in polycystic kidneys of TAZ null mice ► Disrupting the Hippo pathway in cell lines and flies modulates Wnt signaling
Abstract Cauldrons, vessels that are simultaneously common and enigmatic, offer insights into past cultural and social traditions. While assumed to possess a special function, what these cauldrons ...contained is still largely mysterious. These vessels, such as those made from bronze or copper alloys, function as reservoirs for ancient organics through the antibacterial qualities provided by the metal surfaces. Here we show, through protein analysis, that cauldrons from the Final Bronze Age (ca. 2700 BP) were primarily used to collect blood from ruminants, primarily caprines, likely for the production of sausages in a manner similar to contemporary practices in Mongolia’s rural countryside. Our findings present a different function from the recent findings of cooked meat in copper-alloy vessels from the northern Caucasus 2000 years earlier, exposing the diversity in food preparation techniques. Our secondary findings of bovine milk within the cauldron, including peptides specific to Bos mutus , pushes back their regional domestication into the Bronze Age.
We report the discovery of 271 previously undetected dwarf galaxies in the outer Fornax cluster regions at radii rvir/4 < r < rvir/2 using data from the Next Generation Fornax Survey (NGFS) with deep ...coadded u′, g′, and i′ images obtained with Blanco/DECam at Cerro Tololo Interamerican Observatory. From the 271 dwarf candidates, we find 39 to be nucleated. Together with our previous study of the central Fornax region, the new dwarfs detected with NGFS data number 392, of which 56 are nucleated. The total Fornax dwarf galaxy population from NGFS and other catalogs rises, therefore, to a total of 643 with 181 being nucleated, yielding an overall nucleation fraction of 28%. The absolute i′-band magnitudes for the outer NGFS dwarfs are in the range −18.80 ≤ Mi′ ≤ −8.78 with effective radii reff,i′ = 0.18-2.22 kpc and an average Sérsic index . Nonnucleated dwarfs are found to be fainter and smaller by mag and than the nucleated dwarfs. We demonstrate a significant clustering of dwarf galaxies on scales 100 kpc, and projected surface number density profile estimates, N(r), show a concentration of dwarfs in the Fornax core region within r 350 kpc. N(r) has a flat distribution up to ∼350 kpc, beyond which it declines for the nonnucleated dwarfs. The nucleated dwarfs have a steeper N(r) distribution, are more concentrated toward NGC 1399, and are decreasing rapidly outwards. This is the first time the transition from cluster to field environment has been established for the very faint dwarf galaxy population with robust sample statistics.
Mutations of the tumor suppressor TP53 are present in many forms of human cancer and are associated with increased tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Several mechanisms have been identified for ...promoting dissemination of cancer cells with TP53 mutations, including increased targeting of integrins to the plasma membrane. Here, we demonstrate a role for the filopodia-inducing motor protein Myosin-X (Myo10) in mutant p53-driven cancer invasion. Analysis of gene expression profiles from 2 breast cancer data sets revealed that MYO10 was highly expressed in aggressive cancer subtypes. Myo10 was required for breast cancer cell invasion and dissemination in multiple cancer cell lines and murine models of cancer metastasis. Evaluation of a Myo10 mutant without the integrin-binding domain revealed that the ability of Myo10 to transport β₁ integrins to the filopodia tip is required for invasion. Introduction of mutant p53 promoted Myo10 expression in cancer cells and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in mice, whereas suppression of endogenous mutant p53 attenuated Myo10 levels and cell invasion. In clinical breast carcinomas, Myo10 was predominantly expressed at the invasive edges and correlated with the presence of TP53 mutations and poor prognosis. These data indicate that Myo10 upregulation in mutant p53-driven cancers is necessary for invasion and that plasma-membrane protrusions, such as filopodia, may serve as specialized metastatic engines.
The article elaborates on central interpretations of the general theory of crime regarding parental control, self-control, and delinquency by analyzing the effect of parental control on the ...association between low self-control and adolescents' offline and online delinquency. Analyses employ mediation and moderation models via structural equation modeling with a nationally representative sample of Finnish adolescents (N = 6,061). Results indicate parental control had direct and indirect associations (via self-control) with offline delinquency. Whereas, parental control had only an indirect association with delinquency online. The direct association between self-control (internal control) and offline and online delinquency was moderated by parental social control (external control). General theory of crime provides a useful perspective for exploring the effect of parental control on adolescents' delinquency. Findings bring new evidence on the dynamics between low self-control and parental control. Future studies should continue investigating the interplay between internal and external controls.
Research has identified several predictors of violence; however, few studies have examined the role of revenge as a motivating factor of violent delinquency. In this study, we use multilevel logistic ...regression models to examine the relationship between beliefs favorable to revenge and violent behavior among a random sample of 6061 adolescents in Finnish schools. The results show that established predictors of violence, such as peer delinquency, unstructured socializing, and violent victimization are all significantly associated with violent behavior. However, attitudes supporting revenge also emerge as a significant predictor of violence even after controlling for other factors. This finding reinforces research suggesting that violence-reduction interventions and initiatives should attempt to promote prosocial means of conflict resolution and reduce beliefs favorable to violence such as support for revenge.
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