Early research on the mental health of civilians displaced by armed conflict focused primarily on the direct effects of exposure to war-related violence and loss. Largely overlooked in this war ...exposure model were the powerful effects of ongoing stressors related to the experience of displacement itself. An ecological model of refugee distress is proposed, drawing on research demonstrating that mental health among refugees and asylum seekers stems not only from prior war exposure, but also from a host of ongoing stressors in their social ecology, or displacement-related stressors. Implications of this model for addressing the mental health and psychosocial needs of refugees and other displaced populations are considered.
The Colorado plateau is a large, tectonically intact, physiographic province in the southwestern North American Cordillera that stands at ∼1,800-2,000 m elevation and has long been thought to be in ...isostatic equilibrium. The origin of these high elevations is unclear because unlike the surrounding provinces, which have undergone significant Cretaceous-Palaeogene compressional deformation followed by Neogene extensional deformation, the Colorado plateau is largely internally undeformed. Here we combine new seismic tomography and receiver function images to resolve a vertical high-seismic-velocity anomaly beneath the west-central plateau that extends more than 200 km in depth. The upper surface of this anomaly is seismically defined by a dipping interface extending from the lower crust to depths of 70-90 km. The base of the continental crust above the anomaly has a similar shape, with an elevated Moho. We interpret these seismic structures as a continuing regional, delamination-style foundering of lower crust and continental lithosphere. This implies that Pliocene (2.6-5.3 Myr ago) uplift of the plateau and the magmatism on its margins are intimately tied to continuing deep lithospheric processes. Petrologic and geochemical observations indicate that late Cretaceous-Palaeogene (∼90-40 Myr ago) low-angle subduction hydrated and probably weakened much of the Proterozoic tectospheric mantle beneath the Colorado plateau. We suggest that mid-Cenozoic (∼35-25 Myr ago) to Recent magmatic infiltration subsequently imparted negative compositional buoyancy to the base and sides of the Colorado plateau upper mantle, triggering downwelling. The patterns of magmatic activity suggest that previous such events have progressively removed the Colorado plateau lithosphere inward from its margins, and have driven uplift. Using Grand Canyon incision rates and Pliocene basaltic volcanism patterns, we suggest that this particular event has been active over the past ∼6 Myr.
Tackling the role of syntactic constructions in text, thiscompanion brings out the connections between syntactic structures and semantics/pragmatics and the function of different clausal structures ...in written and spoken texts. It also draws attention to variation in standard written English, to the grammatical structures and discourse devices in spoken English, and to ongoing changes in English grammar. It focuses on the concepts of descriptive grammar as extended and refined over the last fifty years. * Encyclopedic format gives immediate access the most relevant topic Cross-referencing allows students to follow a thread and explore the interrelationships between syntactic structures * Innovative structure of the volume enables lecturers to decide the order in which they wish to discuss topics and to prescribe reading This is a practical yet flexible reference that you can return to again and again, whether it be for learning, research or teaching.
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) was considered to be an uncommon cause of dementia until improved neuropathological staining methods for ubiquitin were developed in the late 1980's. Subsequent ...recognition that 10-15% of dementia cases in older people were associated with Lewy body pathology led to the publication in 1996 of Consensus clinical and pathological diagnostic criteria for the disorder. These have greatly raised global awareness of DLB and helped to generate a body of knowledge which informs modern clinical management of this pharmacologically sensitive group of patients. They have also enabled important issues surrounding the relationships of DLB with Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease to be addressed and partially resolved. A recent re-evaluation of the Consensus criteria has confirmed many aspects of the original recommendations, supplementing these with suggestions for improved pathological characterisation, clinical detection and management. Virtu-ally unrecognised 20 years ago, DLB could within this decade be one of the best characterised and potentially treatable neurodegenerative disorders of late life.
Systems vaccinology has defined molecular signatures and mechanisms of immunity to vaccination. However, comparative analysis of immunity to different vaccines is lacking. We integrated ...transcriptional data of over 3,000 samples, from 820 adults across 28 studies of 13 vaccines and analyzed vaccination-induced signatures of antibody responses. Most vaccines induced signatures of innate immunity and plasmablasts at days 1 and 7, respectively, after vaccination. However, the yellow fever vaccine induced an early transient signature of T and B cell activation at day 1, followed by delayed antiviral/interferon and plasmablast signatures that peaked at days 7 and 14-21, respectively. Thus, there was no evidence for a 'universal signature' that predicted antibody response to all vaccines. However, accounting for the asynchronous nature of responses, we defined a time-adjusted signature that predicted antibody responses across vaccines. These results provide a transcriptional atlas of immunity to vaccination and define a common, time-adjusted signature of antibody responses.
A flexible metal‐organic framework selectively sorbs para‐ (pX) over meta‐xylene (mX) by synergic restructuring around pX coupled with generation of unused void space upon mX loading. The nature of ...the structural change suggests more generally that flexible structures which are initially mismatched in terms of fit and capacity to the preferred guest are strong candidates for effective molecular separations.
Nobody′s perfect: The metal‐organic framework Ce(HTCPB) is structurally mismatched to both the para and meta isomers of xylene. It restructures synergically around the para isomer to give a high‐quality structural and functional fit, but rearrangement around the meta isomer requires larger host distortions and gives a poorer fit than in the para case. This “off‐target” host thus has high selectivity for the sorption of para‐ over meta‐xylene.
Group housing allows for dairy calves to perform social grooming behavior; however, the use of mechanical brushes may influence how calves groom themselves and others. Our objectives were, first, to ...characterize the bout characteristics of brush use, self-grooming, and allogrooming in calves and, second, to evaluate the effects of access to a rotating brush on grooming behavior. Holstein heifer and bull calves (n = 32) were group-housed (4 calves/group) at 2 wk of life (17 ± 3 d of age; mean ± standard deviation) and followed to wk 7 of life. Pens were assigned to receive either a rotating brush (BR; n = 4 pens) or no brush (CON; n = 4 pens). Behavior was recorded continuously for 12 h for 2 focal calves/pen on 2 d during wk 4, 6, and 7 of life. We performed a bout analysis by fitting a mixture of normal distributions to the log10-transformed frequency distribution of the intervals between recorded periods of behavior. We calculated bout criteria for brush use (125.9 s), allogrooming (125.9 s), and self-grooming (a mixture of 3 normal distributions provided the best fit for these data, providing 2 bout criteria: a shorter (micro) bout criterion of 50.1 s and a longer (macro) criterion of 1,000 s). Brush use was consistent across weeks, and calves used the brush for 20.5 ± 6.1 min/12 h observation period, in 31.1 ± 1.7 bouts (mean ± SE). The frequency and duration of allogrooming bouts did not differ between treatments and across time. The BR calves tended to self-groom more than CON calves (16.3 vs. 14.3 min/12 h; BR vs. CON; SE = 0.68), and time spent self-grooming decreased across weeks. The frequency and duration of self-grooming micro bouts did not differ between treatments, but BR calves had shorter, more frequent self-grooming macro bouts (10.58 vs. 9.46 bouts; BR vs. CON; SE = 0.24). In summary, we determined that bout criteria could be fitted to grooming behaviors, which may be useful when characterizing these behaviors in future work, and that providing access to a rotating brush influenced self-grooming behavior in group-housed calves.
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a circuit-oriented treatment for mental disorders. Unfortunately, even well-conducted psychiatric DBS clinical trials have yielded inconsistent symptom relief, in part ...because DBS' mechanism(s) of action are unclear. One clue to those mechanisms may lie in the efficacy of ventral internal capsule/ventral striatum (VCVS) DBS in both major depression (MDD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). MDD and OCD both involve deficits in cognitive control. Cognitive control depends on prefrontal cortex (PFC) regions that project into the VCVS. Here, we show that VCVS DBS' effect is explained in part by enhancement of PFC-driven cognitive control. DBS improves human subjects' performance on a cognitive control task and increases theta (5-8Hz) oscillations in both medial and lateral PFC. The theta increase predicts subjects' clinical outcomes. Our results suggest a possible mechanistic approach to DBS therapy, based on tuning stimulation to optimize these neurophysiologic phenomena.
Mastitis is a common and costly production disease on dairy farms. In Canada, the incidence rate of clinical mastitis (IRCM) has been determined for conventionally managed dairy farms; however, no ...studies to date have assessed rates in organically managed systems. The objectives of this observational study were (1) to determine the producer-reported IRCM and predominant pathogen types on conventional and organic dairy farms in Southern Ontario, Canada, and (2) to evaluate the association of both mean overall IRCM and pathogen-specific IRCM with management system, housing type, and pasture access. Data from 59 dairy farms in Southern Ontario, Canada, distributed across conventional (n=41) and organic management (n=18) systems, were collected from April 2011 to May 2012. In addition to management system, farms were categorized by housing method (loose or tie-stall) and pasture access for lactating cows. Participating producers identified and collected samples from 936 cases of clinical mastitis. The most frequently isolated mastitis pathogens were coagulase-negative staphylococci, Bacillus spp., Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. The IRCM was higher on conventional farms than organic (23.7 vs. 13.2 cases per 100 cow-years) and was not associated with housing type (loose or tie-stall), pasture access, or herd-average milk yield. Bulk tank somatic cell count tended to be lower on conventional farms than organic (222,000 vs. 272,000cells/mL). Pathogen-specific IRCM attributed to Staph. aureus, Bacillus spp., and E. coli was greater on conventional than organic farms, but was not associated with housing or any other factors. In conclusion, organic management was associated with reduced overall and pathogen-specific IRCM.
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