A layer of compacted sand-bentonite (CSB) mixture is employed as a liner at the landfill. The formation of desiccation-induced shrinkage cracks can increase the leachate migration into groundwater. ...The usefulness of the liner system may be endangered if the liner material's strength is insufficient. To address this issue, the CSB barrier can be modified by incorporating with waste tire fiber. This study aimed to assess the undrained shear strength, consolidation, and desiccation-induced crack of mixtures of CSB and reinforced CSB. An analytical model was derived to assess the behaviour of tire fiber composite soil from the experimental result. Positive excess pore water pressure was reduced significantly by the inclusion of tire fiber in the consolidated undrained triaxial test results. By the addition of 15% tire fiber, the effective frictional angle was raised from 21.0° to 24.2°, while the effective cohesion component was increased from 15.0 kPa to 24.2 kPa at the same fiber content. The crack density factor and crack intensity factor of the mixture without tire fiber were much higher than those of the CSB with fiber. By the addition of tire fiber, time for 90% consolidation was reduced, while the coefficient of consolidation increased. Although the permeability increased marginally, but it was within the limiting value. An analytical model adequately captured the stress-strain and pore water pressure responses of all proportion of tire fiber, and the yield surface of the composite was expanded maximally with only 10% tire fiber.
•Fiber content in tire increases with reduced swelling pressure and increased yield stress.•The coefficient of consolidation increased with tire fiber content.•Pore water pressure decreased as tire fiber content increased.•The shear strength was increased to its maximum level by adding 10% tire fiber.•The yield surface was extended to its greatest extent with 10% tire fiber.
•Octahedral shear stress increased higher at the fiber aspect ratio than at the fiber dosage.•At peak and residual stress, bearing capacity factors improved significantly.•Negative excess pore waster ...pressure increased with an aspect ratio of 40.•Energy absorption capacity was the function of fiber dosage and fiber aspect ratio.
Compacted sand bentonite (CSB) blend is one of the finest materials for landfill construction. CSB mixes with a strain-softening tendency may fail abruptly, increasing soil permeability. Water movement over the shear zone can induce flow slides, triggering a catastrophic collapse. Waste glass fiber was added to the CSB mixture (90:10) in various fractions (0.5 %, 1, and 1.5 %) and aspect ratios (l/d = 40, 80, and 120) to prevent the soil structure from collapsing. A full-scale consolidated undrained (CU) test was conducted to assess (i.e., c-phi-analysis) the load-carrying capabilities of waste fiber soil composite. The octahedral shear stress was increased significantly for both stress level (i.e., peak and residual stress). Positive pore water pressure (PWP) increased progressively after initial yield, while negative PWP reduced as the aspect ratio increased from 80 to 120. Fiber dosage and fiber aspect ratio improved bearing capacity factors (Nc,Nq,Nϒ) and undrained bearing capacity. The EAC (Energy absorption capacity) was determined using a numerical integration approach through MATLAB (version14), and the use of waste fiber resulted in a considerable improvement. Several variables contributed to the principal stress and soil modulus. Accordingly, they were framed with all the variables and built a model that matched the experimental results well.
A compacted sand-bentonite composite is considered as a barrier material for the use at the landfill. If the strength of the barrier material is not adequate, then the actual operation of the liner ...system can be endangered. Worldwide environmental awareness and high dumping cost have influenced the possible use of glass fibers for landfill application. Since the composite possessed a lower shear strength, glass fiber can be added to enhance its shear strength. The purpose of the present investigation was to assess the effective shear strength parameters of compacted sand–bentonite mixture, mixed in a proportion of 80:20 and reinforced with glass fiber. Glass fiber with an aspect ratio of 40, 80, and 120 were added to sand-bentonite composite in a fraction of 0.5, 1, and 1.5%. Test result suggested that the negative excess pore water pressure increased for the composite with an aspect ratio of 40; however, it decreased gradually with an increase in the aspect ratio to 80 and 120 for any fiber concentration. At a fiber content of 1.5% with the aspect ratio of 80 and 120, the peak effective frictional angle was almost constant. The cohesion component enhanced moderately up to the aspect ratio of 80 for any fiber concentration and remained constant with a further increase in the aspect ratio from 80 to 120. Residual strength parameter of the composite improved significantly with the addition of glass fiber. Initial tangent increased up to 1% fiber content for any aspect ratio, and then reduced with the further addition of glass fiber. The effective principal stress at failure predicted using a mathematical model showed an excellent agreement between predicted and experimental values.
•Negative pore water pressure increased for all fiber content of aspect ratio 40.•Peak and residual strength parameter of SB20 significantly affected by glass fiber.•Initial tangent and secant modulus of composite increased up to 1% fiber content.•Residual cohesion component did not improve for composite with aspect ratio of 120.•Mathematical model shows a good agreement between experimental and predicted value.
•Prospect theory preferences influence mutual fund flows.•Speculative investments by fund managers are inversely related to fund performance.•Fund flow of retail-oriented funds more susceptible to ...Prospect theory preferences.•Greater fund flow sensitivity to speculative characteristics in countries with higher individualism and short-term orientation.
We examine the influence of Cumulative Prospect Theory (CPT) characteristics of fund returns on investment flows with a cross-country data of equity mutual funds. We find that a larger CPT value of the style-adjusted past returns is associated with higher fund flows in the subsequent quarter. The impact is greater for retail-oriented funds, relatively younger funds, and those with higher active share. While funds that score high on the CPT value attract incremental fund flows, they earn a lower alpha than their peers in the following year. The sensitivity of fund flows to the CPT characteristics is higher in countries with greater individualism and short-term orientation. The results are robust to several additional tests and hold across various subsamples of our data. The findings imply that investors have misplaced expectations about the future performance of funds that show higher CPT values and the fund managers cater to these investor preferences.
Successful purification of multiple viruses from mixed infections remains a challenge. In this study, we investigated peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) ...mixed infection in goats. Rather than in a single cell type, cytopathic effect (CPE) of the virus was observed in cocultured Vero/BHK-21 cells at 6th blind passage (BP). PPRV, but not FMDV could be purified from the virus mixture by plaque assay. Viral RNA (mixture) transfection in BHK-21 cells produced FMDV but not PPRV virions, a strategy which we have successfully employed for the first time to eliminate the negative-stranded RNA virus from the virus mixture. FMDV phenotypes, such as replication competent but noncytolytic, cytolytic but defective in plaque formation and, cytolytic but defective in both plaque formation and standard FMDV genome were observed respectively, at passage level BP8, BP15 and BP19 and hence complicated virus isolation in the cell culture system. Mixed infection was not found to induce any significant antigenic and genetic diversity in both PPRV and FMDV. Further, we for the first time demonstrated the viral interference between PPRV and FMDV. Prior transfection of PPRV RNA, but not Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and rotavirus RNA resulted in reduced FMDV replication in BHK-21 cells suggesting that the PPRV RNA-induced interference was specifically directed against FMDV. On long-term coinfection of some acute pathogenic viruses (all possible combinations of PPRV, FMDV, NDV and buffalopox virus) in Vero cells, in most cases, one of the coinfecting viruses was excluded at passage level 5 suggesting that the long-term coinfection may modify viral persistence. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented evidence describing a natural mixed infection of FMDV and PPRV. The study not only provides simple and reliable methodologies for isolation and purification of two epidemiologically and economically important groups of viruses, but could also help in establishing better guidelines for trading animals that could transmit further infections and epidemics in disease free nations.
This study documents a large cross-country variation in the relationship between bank competition and efficiency in the context of 24 emerging markets. On average, higher market power is associated ...with greater bank efficiency, but an increase in market power has a more substantial impact in countries with stricter capital regulation, better market discipline, greater official disciplinary power, more developed financial markets, lower levels of bank branch penetration, and lower credit information availability.
Contagion risk in global banking sector Daly, Kevin; Batten, Jonathan A.; Mishra, Anil V. ...
Journal of international financial markets, institutions & money,
November 2019, 2019-11-00, Letnik:
63
Journal Article
Recenzirano
•The developed countries are more affected then the developing countries when it comes to transmitting the extreme shocks.•Our findings using all three different distance to risk measures find strong ...correlations between countries’ banking systems especially between those of the UK and US.•Key challenge is collaboration regarding global supervision of multinational financial institutions.
This paper investigates contagion risk for the global banking environment using three different distance to risk measures (distance to default, distance to capital, and distance to insolvency). The timeframe for this research covers a period that is characterized by substantial financial innovation in regards to regulatory, monetary and technological change experienced in the banking environment. Our hypothesis is that volatility in the banking structure of a particular country upsurges the prospect of financial volatility in another. We model extreme shocks for banks by replicating four separate conditions of financial stress. We compute the probability of these states moving from one country′s banking system to another by employing multinomial logistic model. In total, we investigate the possibility of extreme event in one country′s banking system as a function of extreme events in other countries banking systems throughout our sample period. Our sample consists of ninety-one banks from twenty countries including all G8 and BRICS countries in operation from 6th January 2006 up to 31st December 2015. Overall, we find evidence of strong correlations between countries’ banking systems especially between those of UK and US. Our findings suggest the need for greater regulatory control over banks operating as global systemically important banks (GSIBs).
Having achieved a significant bioavailability of curcumin by its incorporation into SLNs (C-SLNs) during pharmacokinetic (32–155 times) and pharmacodynamic (3–4 times) studies, our intent was to ...proof their targeting to brain. Hence, fluorescent/confocal microscopy, biodistribution and gamma scintigraphy techniques were explored to observe the presence of C-SLNs in the brain.
1h post p.o administration of C-SLNs/free curcumin (C-S) to rats, blood was withdrawn, following which the animals were sacrificed and their harvested brains were frozen at −80°C. The obtained plasma and brain cryosections were observed for fluorescence under fluorescent/confocal microscope.
Biodistribution study was performed using 99mTc-labeled C-SLNs and C-S in Balb/c mice after p.o. and i.v. administration and % radioactivity/g organ was recorded. Subsequent to this gamma scintigraphs of the New Zealand rabbits following similar treatments were performed.
Presence of yellow fluorescent particles in plasma and brain indicated effective delivery of C-SLNs across the gut wall and the BBB. BloodAUCoral value for C-SLNs was 8.135 times greater than that for C-S, confirming a prolonged circulation of former. The ratio of blood AUCi.v. C-SLN/C-S in blood is ≤1 while the ratio in brain promisingly indicates 30 times higher preferential distribution of C-SLNs into brain confirming their direct delivery.
Bentonite in its compacted form can be utilized as a liner material, provided the hydraulic conductivity and sorption capacity are within the permissible range, else the affirmative utility of the ...barrier system could be jeopardised. However, the presence of Zinc (Zn2+) in the leachate of the waste material can seriously affect the effectiveness of the bentonite as a liner. Although Zn2+ is present in significant amounts in leachates, no comprehensive study has been performed investigating its influence on the bentonite's sorption and hydraulic characteristics. The present study evaluates the change in surface morphology, hydraulic characteristics, and sorption capacity of two locally available Indian bentonites due to varying Zn2+ concentrations. FESEM, FTIR and EDX studies analysed the changes in surface morphology, adsorption patterns and exchangeable cations, respectively of both bentonites, before and after Zn2+ sorption. Tests were conducted in batch modes to optimise operation parameters like pH, initial concentration, dosage, and time of contact for both bentonites. The test results were fitted with different isotherm and kinetic models. Based on these, it was concluded that the Langmuir isotherm and Pseudo-second order kinetic models were the best fit for both bentonites. Furthermore, the hydraulic conductivity of both bentonites increased with increasing Zn2+ concentrations. It was also observed that bentonites having high cation exchange potential, swelling behaviour, and specific surface area displayed higher percentage removal and adsorption capacity at 2000 mg/L of the initial concentration of Zn2+ solution. The results from the study can aid in designing a liner system and select a suitable bentonite type for arresting pollutants in a waste disposal system.
Over the last few decades, an alarming rise in the percentage of individuals with cancer and those with multi-resistant illnesses has forced researchers to explore possibilities for novel therapeutic ...approaches. Numerous medications currently exist to treat various disorders, and the development of small molecules as anticancer agents has considerable potential. However, the widespread prevalence of resistance to multiple drugs in cancer indicates that it is necessary to discover novel and promising compounds with ideal characteristics that could overcome the multidrug resistance issue. The utilisation of metallo-drugs has served as a productive anticancer chemotherapeutic method, and this approach may be implemented for combating multi-resistant tumours more successfully. Schiff bases have been receiving a lot of attention as a group of compounds due to their adaptable metal chelating abilities, innate biologic properties, and versatility to tweak the structure to optimise it for a specific biological purpose. The biological relevance of Schiff base and related complexes, notably their anticancer effects, has increased in their popularity as bio-inorganic chemistry has progressed. As a result of learning about Schiff bases antitumor efficacy against multiple cancer cell lines and their complexes, researchers are motivated to develop novel, side-effect-free anticancer treatments. According to study reports from the past ten years, we are still seeking a powerful anticancer contender. This study highlights the potential of Schiff bases, a broad class of chemical molecules, as potent anticancer agents. In combination with other anticancer strategies, they enhance the efficacy of treatment by elevating the cytotoxicity of chemotherapy, surmounting drug resistance, and promoting targeted therapy. Schiff bases also cause cancer cell DNA repair, improve immunotherapy, prevent angiogenesis, cause apoptosis, and lessen the side effects of chemotherapy. The present review explores the development of potential Schiff base and their d and f block metal complexes as anticancer agents against various cancer cell lines.
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