Morphological characteristics of bones have shaped as a result of adaptation to life in the aquatic environment and whale diving habits. This study deals with the postnatal bone development and ...microscopic characteristics of bones of bottlenose dolphins (
Tursiops truncatus
). Bone sections of the right humerus and the fifth right rib of 106 dolphins aged less than 1–21 years were used to determine the density of the primary, secondary and remodelling osteons, the magnitude of the area occupied by the osteons, and the number of osteon lamellae. Bone sections were analysed using a compound microscope with standard and polarized light. Our study showed the primary osteons of bones to occupy a smaller area than the secondary ones. The secondary osteon area in the humerus is significantly larger than that in the rib. All rib osteons are significantly denser than those of the humerus. In both bones, the number of osteon lamellae is higher in secondary than in primary osteons. The number of secondary and remodelling osteons and the areas occupied by them increase with age, as opposed to primary osteons in which a decrease was noted. The number of lamellae in primary osteons decreases with age, while in secondary osteons their number increases. Within the study frame, morphometric osteon values of the bottlenose dolphin were determined, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time ever as concerns the aquatic mammals.
During ripening, the surface of dry traditional meat products (TMPs) becomes overgrown by fungi of the Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp. and Eurotium spp. whose spores mostly come from the ...environment in which the ripening chambers are placed. Certain fungi species is often responsible for the occurrence of toxic compounds termed the mycotoxins, among which of the outermost importance in connection with meat products are aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA). Besides, some other mycotoxins such as citrinin (CIT), cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) and sterigmatocystin (STC) can also be present, but their impact on the quality and safety of meat products, and therefore also on human health, has still not been fully clarified. As control and prevention of toxicogenic fungi growth are key factors to the prevention of mycotoxin presence in dry-cured TMPs, levels of mycotoxin contamination, mycotoxin-producing mould species and factors of relevance for mycotoxin production, such as climate, should be determined.
The aim of this study was to monitor the biochemical and chemical parameters of the blood of commercial chickens following treatment with one of three coccidiostats: maduramycin, monensin or ...diclazuril. Chickens received feed treated with maduramycin at concentrations of 5, 10 and 15 mg kg-1, monensin at 125, 225 and 325 mg kg-1 or diclazuril at 1, 5 and 10 mg kg-1. A control group of chickens consumed feed without the addition of coccidiostats. Following treatment, blood was sampled for 11 days and analysed for the following biochemical and chemical parameters: aspartate aminotransferase (AST), bile acid (BA), creatine kinase (CK), uric acid (UA), glucose (GLU), cholic acid (CA), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLOB) and phosphorus (PHOS). Administration of different concentrations of maduramycin, monensin and diclazuril did not affect the concentration of the parameters AST, UA, GLU, BA, TP, ALB, GLOB and PHOS in experimental groups of broilers in relation to the control group. However, significant differences were observed in the concentrations of CK and CA between the experimental and control groups. Significant differences were also found in the concentrations of AST, CA and UA between experimental groups. Key words: maduramycin; monensin; diclazuril; chickens; biochemical and chemical parameters SPREMEMBE BIOKEMIJSKIH IN KEMIJSKIH PARAMETROV V KRVI KOKOŠI PO ZDRAVLJENJU Z MADURAMICINOM, MONENZINOM IN DIKLAZURILOM Namen raziskave je bil spremljanje biokemijskih in kemijskih parametrov krvi industrijsko gojenih piščancev po zdravljenju z enim od treh kokcidiostatikov: maduramicinom, monenzinom ali diklazurilom. Piščanci so dobivali krmo z maduramicinom v koncentracijah 5, 10 in 15 mg/kg, monenzin v koncentracijah 125, 225 in 325 mg/kg ali diklazuril v koncentracijah 1, 5 in 10 mg/kg. Kontrolna skupina piščancev je dobila krmo brez dodatka kokcidiostatikov. Enajsti dan po zdravljenju je bila piščancem odvzeta kri in analizirani so bili naslednji biokemijski in kemijski parametri: koncentracija aspartatne aminotransferaze (AST), žolčnih kislin (BA), kreatininske kinaze (CK), sečne kisline (UA), glukoze (Glu), skupnih beljakovin (TP), albuminov (ALB), globulinov (GLOB) in fosforja (Phos). Dodajanje različnih koncentracij maduramicina, monenzina in diklazurila ni vplivalo na koncentracijo parametrov AST, UA, Glu, BA, TP, ALB, GLOB in Phos v poskusnih skupinah pitovnih piščancev v primerjavi s kontrolno skupino. Statistično značilne razlike so bile ugotovljene v koncentracijah CK in CA med poskusnimi in kontrolno skupino. Značilne razlike so bile ugotovljene tudi v koncentracijah AST, CA in UA med posameznimi poskusnimi skupinami. Ključne besede: maduramicin; monenzin; diklazuril; piščanci; biokemijski in kemijski parametri
The paper presents technological parameters, basic chemical composition and sensory evaluation, as well as the yield of 146 samples of Trappist cheese. In terms of water content in non-fat matter ...(56.36-58.31 %), Trappist cheese belongs to the group of semi-hard cheeses, and in terms of content of fat in dry matter (46.06-48.63 %), it belongs to the group of full-fat cheeses. In four cheese samples E. coli was determined within microbiological parameters, whereas other researched bacteria were not determined. Cheese has a shape of a symmetrical ring and it has a homogenous yellow color of protective coating. Mean mass value of one cheese ring is from 2.50 to 2.55 kg. The body of cheese has a homogenous light yellow color, which is brighter along the edges. The cheese holes have the size of a pea; they are bright and patterned over the whole surface of cross section. Consistency of cheese body is elastic, soft and interconnected. The cheese has mild, pure lactic and acidic taste and odor, and it is moderately salty. The results of sensory score show that even 91.78 % of cheese samples from experimental production can be assigned to the first quality class, whereas 8.22 % of samples belong to the second quality class.
The aim of this study was to investigate ochratoxin A (OTA) and citrinin (CIT) co-occurrence in different unprocessed cereals (n = 189) originating from Croatia during a three-year investigation ...period (2014-2016) using validated enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) methods. CIT and OTA were determined in 49% and 7% of samples, respectively. Significantly higher (p < 0.05) overall mean concentrations were determined for CIT (66.8 ± 76.0 µg/kg) in comparison to OTA (5.2 ± 1.1 µg/kg). Based on the analysis of all investigated cereals, CIT was found about 15 times more frequently than OTA and in similarly (15-fold) higher concentrations, irrespective of the cultivation year. The results revealed a moderately positive correlation between OTA and CIT concentrations in maize (r
s
= 0.44) and wheat (r
s
= 0.59), whereas in barley and oat this correlation (p > 0.01) was not significant.
Trihineloza domaćih svinja bila je krajem prošlog i početkom ovog stoljeća jedna od čestih tema u veterinarskom javnom zdravstvu u Hrvatskoj, jer je trihineloza u ljudi tih godina ocijenjena kao ...bolest od javno-zdravstvenog značenja. Kao izvor invadiranja ljudi u ostalim
europskim državama i državama svijeta, osim svinjskog, navode se i druge vrste mesa. U Hrvatskoj su sve do 2017. godine svinjsko meso, tj. suhomesnati proizvodi napravljeni od mesa domaće svinje bili jedini službeni izvori invadiranja ljudi. Veterinarska struka je od sredine devedesetih godina prošlog stoljeća do 2017. godine sustavnim mjerama otkrivanja i uklanjanja pozitivnih svinja te mjerama
sprječavanja invadiranja, broj trihineloznih svinja uspjela smanjiti na jednoznamenkastu brojku da bi 2018. godine zabilježili čak 194 pozitivne svinje. Većina trihineloznih svinja nađena je u srpnju i kolovozu 2018. godine u dvije velike epizootije na istoku Hrvatske. Ovoliko velik broj nadmašio je ukupan zbroj pozitivnih svinja u Hrvatskoj unatrag zadnjih sedam godina. Druga neočekivana vijest je bila da se epizootija s najvećim brojem pozitivnih svinja dogodila na farmi gdje se svinje tove intenzivnim načinom tova što je pojava koja nije zabilježena kroz dugi niz godina niti u Hrvatskoj, a pogotovo ne u
većini drugih država EU. Cilj ovoga rada je opisati slučajeve trihineloze svinja u Hrvatskoj koji su zabilježeni u 2018. godini s posebnim naglaskom na dvije velike epizootije. Usporedit ćemo i podatke iz 2018. godine s podatcima iz perioda 2011.-2017. u Hrvatskoj te prezentirati podatke o trihinelozi domaćih svinja u drugim europskim zemljama.
Kvasci su česti zagađivači mliječnih proizvoda, međutim, koriste se i kao starter kulture za poboljšavanje svojstava finalnog proizvoda. Njihova prisutnost u povećanom broju može prouzročiti ...nepoželjne promjene mliječnih proizvoda, kao što su neugodan miris, okus i izgled. Klasična identifikacija kvasaca na temelju morfoloških i biokemijskih svojstava spora je i nepouzdana. Cilj rada bio je identificirati kvasce iz 30 uzoraka mlijeka i svježeg sira te ustvrditi pripadaju li izolirani kvasci u poželjne ili nepoželjne vrste, odnosno predstavljaju li potencijalni rizik po zdravlje ljudi. Izolirani kvasci identificirani su sekvenciranjem D1/D2 regije gena 28 S rRNK. Dobivenim sekvencama ustvrđeno je da izolirani kvasci pripadaju vrstama: Kluyveromyces marxianus, Candida tropicalis, Trichosporon coremiiforme, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Trichosporon ovoides, Pichia kudriavzevii, Issatchenkia orientalis, koje se smatraju kvascima zagađenja te Debaryomyces hansenii vrsti koja se može koristiti i kao starter kultura. S obzirom da kvasci nisu termorezistentni mikroorganizmi, trebali bi biti uklonjeni tijekom pasterizacije, no u tradicionalnom načinu proizvodnje sira mlijeko se termički ne obrađuje, stoga je povećan rizik od pojavnosti kvasaca u finalnom proizvodu. Izolirane se vrste vrlo često nalaze i u okolišu i/ili na ljudima, odnosno životinjama. Stoga se nameće zaključak kako se glavnina kontaminacije kvascima događa kao posljedica neadekvatne
higijenske prakse.
Zearalenon je mikotoksin, metabolit plijesni iz roda Fusarium. Žitarice i proizvodi na bazi žitarica su u ljudskoj prehrani, kao i u hranidbi životinja, među najzastupljenijim komponentama, a ujedno ...i vrlo pogodna sirovina za razvoj plijesni koje tvore mikotoksine. Izloženost farmskih životinja ovom mikotoksinu dovodi do poremećaja urogenitalnog sustava, dok jača akutna ili kronična izloženost prouzroče trajne posljedice na organima reproduktivnog sustava u vidu degenerativnih promjena testisa, jajnika (atrofija), steriliteta te pobačaja. Prijenos fuzarijskih mikotoksina u hranu životinjskog podrijetla (primarno mlijeko i meso) je općenito nizak te se stoga smatra da ove namirnice ne predstavljaju znatnu opasnost za zdravlje ljudi, ukoliko su farmske životinje unosile hranu kontaminiranu ovim mikotoksinima. Međutim, važan problem može predstavljati prisutnost zearalenona i njegovih metabolita u hranu životinjskog podrijetla te sinergijski učinak više različitih mikotoksina i brojnih metabolita u organizmu koji su po svojoj kemijskoj strukturi slični estrogenim hormonima te njihova pojavnost u hrani biljnog podrijetla koju potrošači učestalo konzumiraju. Kako bi se izbjegli negativni učinci zearalenona i ostalih fuzarijskih mikotoksina za zdravlje ljudi i životinja neophodno je sprječavanje rasta plijesni, sustavna kontrola hrane i hrane za životinje.
Ukoliko do kontaminacije i dođe, nužna je i primjena efikasnih metoda detoksikacije, odnosno dekontaminacije onečišćenih sirovina i proizvoda.
The aim of this study was to determine the levels of zearalenone (ZEN) in different feed materials and feedstuffs for pigs, as well as in pig urine and pig meat following contaminated feed ...consumption. In total, 253 feed material and feedstuff samples were collected from Croatian pig farms. The results revealed the presence of ZEN in significant concentrations, the maximal being found in maize (5522 µg/kg), wheat (3366 µg/kg) and pig fattening feed (1949 µg/kg). In farms in which high feed contamination and pig hyperestrogenism were observed, samples of pig urine (n = 30) and meat (n = 30) were retrieved as well. The mean ZEN concentrations in pig urine and pig meat were 206 ± 20.6 µg/L and 0.62 ± 0.14 µg/kg, respectively. Despite high contamination of feedstuffs responsible for farmed pigs' intoxication, ZEN levels determined in pig meat were shown to be of little significance for human safety.
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