A number of different fits to solar neutrino mixing and mass square difference were performed using 1496 days of Super-Kamiokande-I's solar neutrino data. These data select two allowed areas at large ...neutrino mixing when combined with either the solar
8B flux prediction of the standard solar model or the SNO interaction rate measurements. A global fit combining SK data with the solar neutrino interaction rates measured by Homestake, SNO, Gallex/GNO and SAGE prefers a single allowed area, the Large Mixing Angle solution, at the 98.9% confidence level. The mass square difference
Δm
2 between the two mass eigenstates ranges from about 3 to 19×10
−5 eV
2, while the mixing angle
θ is in the range of tan
2
θ≈0.25–0.65.
We present high stability of semi-transparent methyl ammonium (MA) lead triiodide perovskite (MAPbI3) solar cells with sputter–deposited polycrystalline NiOx hole transport layer (HTL) and indium tin ...oxide (ITO) back contact. We have demonstrated high thermal stability of the MAPbI3 perovskite devices with the NiOx HTL and glass encapsulations, showing no performance degradation at 85 °C over 1000 h in dark. They showed instability, however, under 1 sun illumination at ∼30 °C. Here, we demonstrate that the combination of the NiOx HTL and the ITO for both top and bottom electrodes of the perovskite solar cells can solve this instability problem. This approach resulted in highly stable semitransparent devices with the average visible light transmittance (AVT) above 11% and the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.5%, showing steady power output nearly 4000 h of continuous operation at MPPT under 1 sun illumination. While the use of polybis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl) (PTAA) HTL resulted in the semitransparent devices with higher PCE of 13.6%, their device stabilities were much inferior to the NiOx HTL based devices. These results indicated that a rather classical MA based perovskite, MAPbI3, is indeed a stable photovoltaic material with the proper choice of the interface layers and electrode materials, and the use of the sputter–deposited NiOx HTL together with the ITO back contact is one of the key elements to overcome the stability problem in the lead halide perovskite solar cells.
●Low-temperature processed semi-transparent perovskite (MAPbI3) solar cells were prepared using sputter deposited NiOx hole transport layer and ITO back contact.●Encapsulated solar cells maintain operational stability for 4000 h at the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) under 1 SUN illumination (no UV-light filtering) at 30 °C.●Side-by-side comparisons of the interface materials (NiOX or PTAA) and counter electrode materials (Ag or ITO) revealed that the combination of the NiOx and ITO was indispensable for attaining the high stability.
Electron correlation often produces a variety of electrically insulating states caused by self-organization of electrons, which are particularly stable at commensurate fillings. Although collapsing ...such ordered states by minute external stimuli has been a key strategy toward device applications, it is difficult to access their true electronic phase boundaries due to the necessity of fine-tuning of material parameters. Here, we demonstrate the ambipolar resistance switching in Pr(1-x)Sr(x)MnO3 thin films (x = 0.5; an effectively 1/4-filled state) by quasi-continuous control of the doping level x and band-width W using gate-voltage and magnetic field, enabled by the extreme electric-field formed at the nanoscale interface generated in an electrolyte-gated transistor. An electroresistance peak with unprecedented steepness emerges on approaching a critical point in the x-W phase diagram. The technique opens a new route to Mott-insulator based transistors and to discovering singularities hitherto unnoticed in conventional bulk studies of strongly correlated electron systems.
Muon neutrino disappearance probability as a function of neutrino flight length L over neutrino energy E was studied. A dip in the L/E distribution was observed in the data, as predicted from the ...sinusoidal flavor transition probability of neutrino oscillation. The observed L/E distribution constrained nu(micro)<-->nu(tau) neutrino oscillation parameters; 1.9x10(-3)<Deltam(2)<3.0x10(-3) eV(2) and sin((2)2theta>0.90 at 90% confidence level.
A persistent photoinduced metal-to-insulator transition has been confirmed in a manganite thin film, Pr_(0.55)(Ca_(0.75)Sr_(0.25))_(0.45)MnO3, near a multicritical point by monitoring with transport ...measurements and x-ray photoemission spectroscopy. Together with the previously reported reverse effect, the photoinduced insulator-to-metal transition, it is found that the relative stability of the metallic and insulating phases interchanges around 80 K in the middle of a very wide hysteresis loop, which is a manifestation of the large potential barrier due to the long-range elastic energy. It is shown that photons are much more effective in overcoming the barrier via the electronically excited intermediate states than via the heat mode.
Background
Stimulation of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), which abundantly expressed in enterochromaffin cells (ECC), has been reported to exert apparently contradictory results in in ...vitro contractility and in vivo gastrointestinal (GI) transit evaluations. The pharmaceutical‐grade Japanese traditional medicine daikenchuto (TU‐100) has been reported to be beneficial for postoperative ileus (POI) and accelerate GI transit in animals and humans. TU‐100 was recently shown to increase intestinal blood flow via stimulation of TRPA1 in the epithelial cells of the small intestine (SI).
Methods
The effects of various TRPA1 agonists on motility were examined in a manipulation‐induced murine POI model, in vitro culture of SI segments and an ECC model cell line, RIN‐14B.
Key Results
Orally administered TRPA1 agonists, aryl isothiocyanate (AITC) and cinnamaldehyde (CA), TU‐100 ingredients, 6‐shogaol (6S) and γ‐sanshool (GS), improved SI transit in a POI model. The effects of AITC, 6S and GS but not CA were abrogated in TRPA1‐deficient mice. SI segments show periodic peristaltic motor activity whose periodicity disappeared in TRPA1‐deficient mice. TU‐100 augmented the motility. AITC, CA and 6S increased 5‐HT release from isolated SI segments and the effects of all these compounds except for CA were lost in TRPA1‐deficient mice. 6S and GS induced a release of 5‐HT from RIN‐14B cells in a dose‐ and TRPA1‐dependent manner.
Conclusions & Inferences
Intraluminal TRPA1 stimulation is a potential therapeutic strategy for GI motility disorders. Further investigation is required to determine whether 5‐HT and/or ECC are involved in the effect of TRPA1 on motility.
Periodic peristaltic motility is lost in TRPA1 KO mice. Intraluminal TRPA1 stimulation may beneficial to POI.
The K2K experiment observes indications of neutrino oscillation: a reduction of nu(mu) flux together with a distortion of the energy spectrum. Fifty-six beam neutrino events are observed in ...Super-Kamiokande (SK), 250 km from the neutrino production point, with an expectation of 80.1(+6.2)(-5.4). Twenty-nine one ring mu-like events are used to reconstruct the neutrino energy spectrum, which is better matched to the expected spectrum with neutrino oscillation than without. The probability that the observed flux at SK is explained by statistical fluctuation without neutrino oscillation is less than 1%.
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