Explanations of Milgram's findings have traditionally focused on a priori qualities of the situation and/or the actors, which are presumed to operate more or less simultaneously to produce obedience ...or defiance. Such a perspective largely overlooks the unfolding and evolving nature of both obedience and defiance. This article develops a contrasting, sequential model. A specific hypothesis is advanced: The sooner in the course of the experiment a subject begins to show notable resistance, the more likely he will be to end up defiant. Reanalysis of data collected by Milgram for his “Bridgeport” condition supports this hypothesis. The effects of early resistance are discussed in terms of two processes: (a) An interpersonal process that works to jam the authority's prods and break the momentum he imparts to the interaction; and (b) a psychological process that works to erode the subject's rationalization for continuing and spurs him to search for justification for stopping.
SINFONI is an integral field spectroscopy using slicers combines near-IR IF spectroscopic and adaptive optics. The instrument is mounted at UT4 of the ESO-VLT and is offered since April 2005. The ...calibration cascade and the pipeline recipes of slicer IFS instruments like SINFONI differ with respect to fiber-fed IFS instruments.
ESO is in the process of upgrading one of the two FORS (FOcal Reducer/low dispersion Spectrograph) instruments - a multi-mode (imaging, polarimetry, long-slit, and multi-object spectroscopy) optical ...instrument mounted on the Cassegrain focus of Unit Telescope 1 of ESO's Very Large Telescope. FORS1 was moved from Chile to Trieste, and is undergoing complete refurbishment, including the exchange of all motorised parts. In addition, new software is developed, based on the Extremely Large Telescope Instrument Control Software Framework, as the upgraded FORS1 will be the first instrument in operations to use this framework. The new Teledyne e2V CCD has now been procured and is undergoing testing with the New Generation Controller at ESO. In addition, a new set of grisms have been developed, and a new set of filters will be purchased. A new internal calibration unit has been designed, making the operations more efficient.
According to Hannah Arendt's banality of evil thesis, endorsed by Milgram, it is possible for ordinary people to perform horrendous deeds when these are rendered routine and morally neutral through a ...framework of legitimate authority. But such a view of human capacities does nothing to explain the actions of equally ordinary people who defied authorities to rescue potential victims during the Holocaust. This article formulates a contrasting but noncontradictory conception—the ordinariness of goodness—and illustrates it by examining closely how the people of the French village of Le Chambon managed, during World War II, to resist the efforts of Vichy authorities to induce them to participate in the persecution of minority peoples, thereby enabling them to save thousands of refugees. Notable features of their resistance are then compared to the ordinary behavior of some of Milgram's disobedient subjects.
The Detector Monitoring Project Amico, P.; Ballester, P.; Hummel, W. ...
The 2007 ESO Instrument Calibration Workshop
Book Chapter
Many detectors, optical CCDs and IR arrays, are currently in operation onboard ESO instruments at the La Silla Paranal Observatory. A unified scheme for optical detector characterization has been ...adopted since several years in La Silla, and it is used by the Science Operation team to monitor the 18 CCDs belonging to the eight instruments operated by ESO at the Observatory. This scheme has been proven successful in ensuring a high quality performance of the detectors along the years. In Paranal the science operation team and QC Garching monitor the performance of the detectors using instrument-specific data reduction pipelines.
Understanding the performance limits and the calibration requirements of an instrument is fundamental in the operational scheme followed at the observatory and crucially depends on our knowledge of the nature of the detector arrays, their key performance parameters and the way these are defined and measured. Recently two issues were addressed: (1) despite the many commonalities among detectors, different ways to check their performance are in use and (2) the characterization matrix is often incomplete, i.e. not all crucial parameters are measured for all detector systems.
The detector monitoring project arises from the desire to improve the efficiency of the data flow, simplify Quality Control (QC) operations and promote standardization of testing procedures among detectors in use at ESO. The goals of the project are: (a) designing a detector monitoring plan that covers all the detectors in use; (b) reviewing the current reduction procedures and associated pipeline recipes; (c) standardizing the test procedures whenever applicable; (d) merging the test procedures for IR and optical detectors when possible and describe the differences in all the other cases; (e) consolidate the measurement procedures and the use of data reduction recipe and algorithms. The ultimate goal is to provide the observatory and the instrument operation teams (IOTs) with a complete and homogeneous detector-monitoring scheme.
A specific hypothesis is advanced: the sooner in the course of the experiment a subject begins to show notable resistance, the more likely he will be to end up defiant. Reanalysis of data collected ...by Milgram for his 'Bridgeport' condition supports this hypothesis. (Original abstract-amended)
Formulates a contrasting but noncontradictory conception-the ordinariness of goodness-and illustrates it by examining closely how the people of the French village of Le Chambon managed, during World ...War II, to resist the efforts of Vichy authorities to induce them to participate in the persecution of minority peoples, thereby enabling them to save thousands of refugees. (Original abstract-amended)
ERIS, the Enhanced Resolution Imager and Spectrograph, is an instrument that both extends and enhances the fundamental diffraction limited imaging and spectroscopy capability for the VLT. It replaces ...two instruments that were being maintained beyond their operational lifetimes, combines their functionality on a single focus, provides a new wavefront sensing module for natural and laser guide stars that makes use of the Adaptive Optics Facility, and considerably improves on their performance. The observational modes ERIS provides are integral field spectroscopy at 1-2.5 {\mu}m, imaging at 1-5 {\mu}m with several options for high contrast imaging, and longslit spectroscopy at 3-4 {\mu}m, The instrument is installed at the Cassegrain focus of UT4 at the VLT and, following its commissioning during 2022, has been made available to the community.
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