Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)-induced gastric ulcers represent a significant clinical concern and adversely affect the quality of life. Inducible nitric oxide synthase/endothelial ...nitric oxide synthase (iNOS/eNOS) and asymmetric dimethylarginine/ dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase-1 (ADMA/DDAH-1) signaling are key players in gastric ulcer pathogenesis. This work was planned to explore the role of iNOS/eNOS and ADMA/DDAH-1 signaling in rats with indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer, as potential pathways for the gastro-protective effect of tadalafil. Split into 5 separate groups, rats were assigned to control, tadalafil (10 mg/kg, p.o), indomethacin (single oral dose of 60 mg/kg), indomethacin + pantoprazole (40 mg/kg, p.o), and indomethacin + tadalafil (10 mg/kg, p.o). The results indicated that pretreatment with tadalafil significantly reduced ulcer index (UI), increased preventive index (PI), and counteracted indomethacin-induced histopathological aberrations. Tadalafil significantly reduced the gastric content of NO while it significantly elevated that of GSH and enhanced SOD activity. It significantly reduced the gastric expression of TNF-α and ADMA while it significantly elevated that of COX-2, PGE-2, and DDAH-1. Western blot analysis revealed that pretreatment with tadalafil significantly reduced iNOS protein expression while it significantly elevated that of eNOS. Collectively, these data suggest that tadalafil exerts potential protective effect against indomethacin-induced ulcer through suppression of inflammation, attenuation of oxidative stress, and boosting of antioxidants. Moreover, tadalafil protective effects are mediated via upregulation of PGE-2 with modulating the signaling pathways of ADMA/DDAH-1, and iNOS/eNOS. As a result, the current evidence corroborates the use of tadalafil in controlling gastric ulcers and preventing NSAID gastric side effects.
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•Tadalafil attenuated gastric histopathological damage.•It increased GSH content and SOD activity while decreased NO content.•It modulated gastric ADMA and DDAH-1 activity.•It reduced TNF-α, while increased COX-2 and PGE-2 expression.•It upregulated eNOS expression and downregulated iNOS expression.
(1) Background: Few studies have been carried out to appraise abamectin toxicity toward Locusta migratoria nymphs. (2) Methods: This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of abamectin as an ...insecticide through examining the changes and damage caused by this drug, in both neurosecretory cells and midgut, using L. migratoria nymphs as a model of the cytotoxic effect. Histopathological change in the brain was examined in both normal and abamectin-treated fifth-instar nymphs. Neurosecretory cells (NSCs) were also examined where there were loosely disintegrated cells or vacuolated cytoplasm. (3) Results: The results showed distinct histological changes in the gastrointestinal tract of L. migratoria nymphs treated with abamectin, with significant cellular damage and disorganization, i.e., characteristic symptoms of cell necrosis, a destroyed epithelium, enlarged cells, and reduced nuclei. The observed biochemical changes included an elevation in all measured oxidative stress parameters compared to untreated controls. The malondialdehyde activities (MDAs) of the treated nymphs had a five- to six-fold increase, with a ten-fold increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD), nine-fold increase in glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and four-fold increase in nitric oxide (NO). (4) Conclusions: To further investigate the theoretical method of action, a molecular docking simulation was performed, examining the possibility that abamectin is an inhibitor of the fatty acid-binding protein Lm-FABP (2FLJ) and that it binds with two successive electrostatic hydrogen bonds.
In this paper, laminar convective heat transfer in a two-dimensional microtube (MT) with 50μm diameter and 250μm length with constant heat flux is numerically investigated. The governing (continuity, ...momentum and energy) equations were solved using the finite volume method (FVM) with the aid of SIMPLE algorithm. Different types of nanofluids Al2O3, CuO, SiO2 and ZnO, with different nanoparticle size 25, 45, 65 and 80nm, and different volume fractions ranged from 1% to 4% using ethylene glycol as a base fluid were used. This investigation covers Reynolds number in the range of 10 to 1500. The results have shown that SiO2–EG nanofluid has the highest Nusselt number, followed by ZnO–EG, CuO–EG, Al2O3–EG, and lastly pure EG. The Nusselt number for all cases increases with the volume fraction but it decreases with the rise in the diameter of nanoparticles. In all configurations, the Nusselt number increases with Reynolds number.
The sandfly Phlebotomus papatasi is the vector of Leishmania major, the main causative agent of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Saudi Arabia. Sandflies inject saliva while feeding and the ...salivary protein PpSP32 was previously shown to be a biomarker for bite exposure. Here we used recombinant PpSP32 to evaluate human exposure to Ph. papatasi bites, and study the association between antibody response to saliva and CL in endemic areas in Saudi Arabia.
In this observational study, anti-PpSP32 antibodies, as indicators of exposure to sandfly bites, were measured in sera from healthy individuals and patients from endemic regions in Saudi Arabia with active and cured CL. Ph. papatasi was identified as the primary CL vector in the study area. Anti-PpSP32 antibody levels were significantly higher in CL patients presenting active infections from all geographical regions compared to CL cured and healthy individuals. Furthermore, higher anti-PpSP32 antibody levels correlated with the prevalence and type of CL lesions (nodular vs. papular) observed in patients, especially non-local construction workers.
Our findings suggest a possible correlation between the type of immunity generated by the exposure to sandfly bites and disease outcome.
Laminated glass (LG) windows significantly enhance building safety due to their ability to retain shattered glass within the interlayer, but their susceptibility to failure under blast loading ...remains a concern. Compared with simplified models, detailed constitutive modeling is essential to evaluate these complex scenarios, as experimental investigation faces limitations in spatial and temporal resolutions. This study presents a robust model-based simulation approach for predicting the brittle failure response of glass in blast-resistant LG windows. An elasto-damage relation for glass (EDG) was integrated with the finite element model (FEM) to predict the blast response. Validation against shock tube testing results was performed to ensure the reliability of the FEM. Material parameters for the polymeric interlayer were obtained through dynamic experiments, enabling a reasonable representation of its constitutive behavior using the Johnson–Cook (JC) model. Additionally, a numerical parametric study was conducted to investigate how different glass types influence blast resistance performance. Tempered glass stood out for its blast resistance compared with annealed and heat-strengthened glass, displaying superior strength against blast loads. The Rankine-based elasto-damage description provides a more precise representation of the failure response than commonly used approaches. These findings contribute to advancing model-based simulation approaches for designing better blast-resistant LG windows, ensuring safer buildings.
Integrating renewable energy sources (RESs) into modern electric power systems offers various techno-economic benefits. However, the inconsistent power profile of RES influences the power flow of the ...entire distribution network, so it is crucial to optimize the power flow in order to achieve stable and reliable operation. Therefore, this paper proposes a newly developed circle search algorithm (CSA) for the optimal solution of the probabilistic optimal power flow (OPF). Our research began with the development and evaluation of the proposed CSA. Firstly, we solved the OPF problem to achieve minimum generation fuel costs; this used the classical OPF. Then, the newly developed CSA method was used to deal with the probabilistic power flow problem effectively. The impact of the intermittency of solar and wind energy sources on the total generation costs was investigated. Variations in the system’s demands are also considered in the probabilistic OPF problem scenarios. The proposed method was verified by applying it to the IEEE 57-bus and the 118-bus test systems. This study’s main contributions are to test the newly developed CSA on the OPF problem to consider stochastic models of the RESs, providing probabilistic modes to represent the RESs. The robustness and efficiency of the proposed CSA in solving the probabilistic OPF problem are evaluated by comparing it with other methods, such as Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and the hybrid machine learning and transient search algorithm (ML-TSO) under the same parameters. The comparative results showed that the proposed CSA is robust and applicable; as evidence, an observable decrease was obtained in the costs of the conventional generators’ operation, due to the penetration of renewable energy sources into the studied networks.
Energy transfer: For large electronic systems in close proximity it is shown that the coulombic mechanism accounts for the rates of electronic energy transfer for both linear and perpendicular ...geometries across distances from 36 to 16 Å. Replacing the ideal dipole approximation with either a revised extended dipole or atom‐localized charges improves agreement between theory and experiment.
Hydroxycinnamates including p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, and their esterified/etherified conjugates such as chlorogenic acids are abundant in cereals, coffee, fruit and ...vegetables. Studies have shown their potential in the prevention of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. The impact of these dietary hydroxycinnamates on health depends on their bioavailability. In this article, in vivo and in vitro studies pertaining to bioavailability of hydroxycinnamates are reviewed and discussed. The chemical structures, existing forms, and/or doses of hydroxycinnamates may affect their metabolic fate. Limited studies suggest that the relative bioavailability of hydroxycinnamates may be in the following order: chlorogenic acid < rosmarinic acid < caffeic acid < ferulic acid < p-coumaric acid. Bound hydroxycinnamates generally have lower bioavailability than their monomer counterparts. Further pharmacokinetic and phamacodynamic studies are required to characterize the metabolism of hydroxycinnamates and their potential health impact in humans.
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