A partial cDNA clone (PSnir) encoding the C-terminal region of nitrite reductase was isolated from a lambda gt11 library of the gymnosperm Pimus sylvestris (L.). Nucleotide sequence analysis showed ...that PSnir contains a reading frame encoding 105 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence revealed a homology to NiR of 63-68% to dicotyledoneous and of 57-59% to monocotyledoneous species. The protein region implicated to be involved in binding of the prosthetic group is highly conserved between the NiR of the gymnosperm and of angiosperms. In all organs (cotyledonary whorls, hypocotyls, roots) the pattern of NiR gene expression in response to nitrate and light is the same at the level of transcript accumulation and at the enzyme level. This suggests that regulation of NiR gene expression in the Scots pine seedling is predominantly at the level of transcript accumulation. The highest NiR appearance was observed in roots and hypocotyls. In the cotyledonary whorls only small amounts of NiR were found. In roots and hypocotyls the accumulation of NiR mRNA and the appearance of NiR protein is mainly controlled by nitrate, whereas the regulation of NiR gene expression in the whorls is strongly affected by light and the inducive effect of nitrate is only weak.
The distributive trades, consisting of wholesaling and retailing, are a key sector of the economy. As the main interface between producers and consumers, the sector is particularly important from a ...monetary policy point of view: this is where most consumer goods prices are ultimately set. Despite almost 20 years of the Single Market, mark-ups in the distributive trades sector can still be substantial and differ considerably across countries, while cross-border trade remains limited. This report examines the structural features of the distributive trades sector which are likely to play an important role in determining price level and infl ation differences across countries. JEL Classification:
This report aims to analyse euro area energy markets and the impact of energy price changes on the macroeconomy from a monetary policy perspective. The core task of the report is to analyse the ...impact of energy price developments on output and consumer prices. Nevertheless, understanding the link between energy price fluctuations, inflationary pressures and the role of monetary policy in reacting to such pressure requires a deeper look at the structure of the economy. Energy prices have presented a challenge for the Eurosystem, as the volatility of the energy component of consumer prices has been high since the creation of EMU. At the same time, a look back into the past may not necessarily be very informative for gauging the likely impact of energy price changes on overall inflation in the future. For instance, the reaction of HICP inflation to energy price fluctuations seems to have been more muted during the past decade than in earlier periods such as the 1970s. JEL Classification: E20, E30, E50, Q43
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