Introduction. In the livestock production for commercial purposes, additives are frequently used to increase the effectiveness of nutrients present in the food, its availability, and absorption in ...the gastrointestinal tract, as well as modulate the intestinal flora of animals and promote their growth and productivity. Antibiotics have been among the most used additives in recent decades animal production worldwide. Objective. The aim of this literature review was to describe the use of probiotics as additives in animal nutrition, as an alternative to the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in commercial livestock production. Development. This compilation analyzes the current definition of probiotics accepted by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health
Organization (WHO) it also describres the microorganisms allowed as probiotics in animal nutrition in Costa Rica and the United States. Additionally,the main mechanisms of action in productive animals are explained. Probiotics are living organisms that when administered in adequate amounts confer a benefit to the health of the host, this effect must be proven and overcome the effect given by the placebo. The microorganisms used as probiotics in animal nutrition should not be pathogenic for animals, and should be resistant to the processes of food and feed elaboration. It has been reported that the benefit of probiotics in productive animals is mainly due to the fact that these promote the microbial balance in the digestive tract and the modulation of the immune system, resulting in an increase in the digestion and absorption of nutrients and decreasing the incidence of infectious diseases. Conclusion. The use of different probiotics in productive animals to increase productivity and animal health, has been proven in different commercial livestock species and its use is promising as a growth promoter instead of antibiotics.
Introducción. En la producción pecuaria con fines comerciales, es frecuente el uso de aditivos para aumentar la efectividad de los nutrientes presentes en el alimento, su disponibilidad y absorción en el tracto gastrointestinal, además, de modular la flora intestinal de los animales y promover su crecimiento y productividad. Los antibióticos han sido de los aditivos más utilizados en las últimas décadas en producción animal en el mundo. Objetivo. El objetivo de esta revisión bibliográfica fue describir y analizar el uso de probióticos como aditivos en nutrición animal y como una alternativa al uso de antibióticos como promotores de crecimiento en la producción pecuaria comercial. Desarrollo. En esta recopilación se analiza la definición actual de probióticos aceptada por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO) y la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), se describen los microorganismos permitidos como probióticos en nutrición animal en Costa Rica y Estados Unidos, y se explican los principales mecanismos de acción de los mismos en animales productivos. Los probióticos son organismos vivos que cuando son administrados en cantidades adecuadas confieren un beneficio para la salud del hospedero, este efecto debe estar probado y superar al efecto dado por el placebo. Los microorganismos usados como probióticos en nutrición animal no deben ser patógenos para los animales y deben ser resistentes a los procesos de elaboración de alimentos y piensos. Se ha reportado que el beneficio de los probióticos en animales productivos, se debe principalmente a que estos fomentan el balance microbiano en el tubo digestivo y la modulación del sistema inmune, resultando en un aumento en la digestión y absorción de nutrientes, y disminuyen la incidencia de enfermedades infecciosas. Conclusión. El uso de diferentes probióticos en animales productivos para aumentar el rendimiento y la salud animal, ha sido comprobado en diferentes especies productivas y su uso es promisorio como promotor de crecimiento en lugar de antibióticos.
Abstract Culturally responsive teaching (CRT) was introduced over 30 years ago and remains an educational framework used to guide instruction today. Although research has evidenced its utility and ...positive impact, little is known about available tools to guide practitioners in assessing and monitoring their implementation of CRT practices. This systematic review aimed to identify and describe available assessment tools that incorporate dimensions of CRT. Systematic search procedures produced 18 tools educators can access and use to assess the implementation of CRT in the classroom. All 18 instruments are self‐reported, and a few include alternate forms of evaluation, such as an observational section. All tools located encompass aspects of the CRT framework, including self‐efficacy, cultural competence, belonging, and relationship building. Results indicated that nearly half of the tools reviewed (44%) focus on educator self‐efficacy of CRT (i.e., I know I can do X), several (28%) focus on educators' action or implementation of CRT (i.e., I do X), and many (28%) focus on educators' cultural humility or competence (i.e., I understand how to support X). Limitations and implications for research and practice are discussed.
Practitioner Points Teachers must have adequate assessment tools that assess their culturally responsive teaching (CRT). Current CRT assessment tools range in their operationalization of CRT, evidence for validity and reliability, and type of assessment (i.e., self‐report, observational, etc.). When picking a CRT assessment tool, teachers should consider the validity of the measure, their self‐efficacy, and the goal for how CRT practice strategies might be implemented in their school community.
We proposed to compare the accuracy and effectiveness of digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT), plus digital or synthetic mammography, with digital mammography alone in women attending population-based ...breast cancer screenings. We performed a systematic review and included controlled studies comparing DBT with digital mammography for breast cancer screening. Search strategies were applied to the MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS, and CENTRAL databases. With moderate quality of evidence, in 1,000 screens, DBT plus digital mammography increased the overall and invasive breast cancer rates by 3 and 2 (RR 1.36, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.58 and RR 1.51, 95% CI 1.27 to 1.79, respectively). DBT plus synthetic mammography increased both overall and invasive breast cancer rates by 2 (RR 1.38, 95% CI 1.24 to 1.54 and RR 1.37, 95% CI 1.22 to 1.55, respectively). DBT did not improve recall, false positive and false negative rates. However due to heterogeneity the quality of evidence was low. For women attending population-based breast cancer screenings, DBT increases rates of overall and invasive breast cancer. There is no evidence with high or moderate quality showing that DBT compared with digital mammography decreases recall rates, as well as false positive and false negative rates.
Neutrophil extracellular trap formation (NETosis) is a mechanism used by neutrophils to capture pathogens with their own DNA. However, the exacerbation of this immune response is related to serious ...inflammatory diseases. Aging is known to lead to an excessive increase in NETosis associated with various diseases. Under this scenario, the search for strategies that regulate the release of NETosis in older people becomes relevant. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) involves repeated bouts of relatively intense exercise with alternating short recovery periods. This training has shown beneficial effects on health parameters during aging and disease. However, little is known about the potential role of HIIT in the regulation of NETosis in healthy older people. The aim of this study was to evaluate the induction of NETosis by serum from healthy young and older men, before and after 12 weeks of HIIT using healthy neutrophils as a biosensor. HIIT was performed 3 times per week for 12 weeks in young (YOUNG; 21 ± 1 years, BMI 26.01 ± 2.64 kg⋅m−2, n = 10) and older men (OLDER; 66 ± 5 years, BMI 27.43 ± 3.11 kg⋅m−2, n = 10). Serum samples were taken before and after the HIIT program and NETosis was measured with live cell imaging in donated neutrophils cultured with serum from the participants for 30 h. Our results showed that serum from older men at baseline induced greater baseline NETosis than younger men (p < 0.05; effect size, ≥0.8), and 12 weeks of HIIT significantly reduced (Interaction Effect, p < 0.05; effect size, 0.134) the induction of NETosis in older men. In conclusion, HIIT is a feasible non-invasive training strategy modulating NETosis induction. Additionally, the use of neutrophils as a biosensor is an effective method for the quantification of NETosis induction in real time.
•NETosis is a mechanism used by neutrophils to capture pathogens with their own DNA.•Aging impairs the efficacy of NETosis in response to unspecific inflammatory factors.•Neutrophils can be used as a biosensor to quantify NETosis induction in real time.•Older men exhibited higher NETosis levels than younger men participants.•HIIT is a feasible non-invasive training strategy reducing NETosis levels.
•Expansion of the wind parks using existing power grid infrastructure.•Effective sizing of the transformers and wind farms.•Using dynamic rating for efficient and economical sizing of wind ...sites.•Dynamic rating allows to fit up to 30% extra wind power generation using exiting substation transformer.
An increase in electricity demand and renewable penetration requires electrical utilities to improve and optimize the grid infrastructure. Fundamental components in this grid infrastructure are transformers, which are designed conservatively based on static rated power. However, load and weather change continuously and hence, transformers are not used most efficiently. For this reason, new technology has been developed: Dynamic transformer rating (DTR). Applying DTR makes it possible to load transformers above the nameplate rating without affecting their lifetime expectancy. This study uses DTR for short-term and long-term wind farm planning. The optimal wind farm is designed by applying DTR to the power transformer and using it as an input to a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model. Regarding the transformer thermal analysis, the linearized top oil model of IEEE Clause 7 is selected. The model is executed for 4 different types of power transformers: 63 MVA, 100 MVA, 200 MVA and 400 MVA. As a result, it is obtained that the net present value for the investment and the capacity of the wind farm increase linearly with respect to the size of the transformer. Then, a sensitivity analysis is carried out by modifying the wind speed, the electricity price, the lifetime of the transformer and the selected weather data. From this sensitivity analysis, it is possible to conclude that wind resources and electricity price are critical parameters for the wind farm’s feasibility.
The aim of the following study was to identify the effects of a 12-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program on the modification of parameters of body composition, functional capacity as ...well as lipid and glucose homeostasis markers in healthy young people versus older adults.
Experimental trial.
Healthy young (YNG, 21 ± 1 years, BMI 26.01 ± 2.64 kg·m-2, n = 10) and older (OLD, 66 ± 5 years, BMI 27.43 ± 3.11 kg·m-2, n = 10) males were subjected to 12 weeks of HIIT. Prior to and immediately after the HIIT program, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, dominant leg strength one-repetition maximum (1-RM), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and physical performance tests were performed. Blood samples were also taken.
Flexibility (P = 0.000), static balance (P = 0.004), timed up and go test (TUG) (P = 0.015), short physical performance battery (SPPB) (P = 0.005), dominant leg strength 1-RM (P = 0.012), and VO2max (P = 0.000) were better in YNG versus OLD. HIIT improved the % whole-body fat mass (P = 0.031), leg lean mass (P = 0.047), dominant leg strength 1-RM (P = 0.025), VO2max (P = 0.000), fasting cholesterol (P = 0.017) and fasting glucose (P = 0.006). TUG was improved by the training only in the OLD group (P = 0.016), but insulin (P = 0.002) and the homeostasis model assessment - insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IS) (P = 0.000) decreased only in the YNG group. HOMA-IS was correlated positive with BMI (R = 0.474, P = 0.035) and with whole-body fat mass (R = 0.517, P = 0.019).
HIIT for 12 weeks improves parameters of body composition, functional capacity and fasting serum lipid and glucose homeostasis markers in healthy young and older participants. Young people are shown as benefiting more.
•Aging produces morphofunctional and physiological changes.•HIIT suggests it is beneficial as a comprehensive strategy for aging.•HIIT has morphofunctional and physiological benefits in young and older adults.•HIIT could be used to prevent the onset of sarcopenia in healthy older adults.
Here, a comprehensive review of sugarcane industrialization and its relationship with bioactive compounds (BCs) detected in various products and by-products generated during its processing is ...presented. Furthermore, it is discussed how these compounds have revealed important antioxidant, antineoplastic, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial activities. From this bibliographic research highlights the significance of two types of BCs of natural origin (phenolic compounds (PCs) and terpenoids) and a group of compounds synthesized during industrial transformation processes (Maillard reaction products (MRPs)). It was found that most of the studies about the BCs from sugarcane have been conducted by identifying, isolating, and analyzing ones or a few compounds at a specific period, this being a conventional approach. However, given the complexity of the synthesis processes of all these BCs and the biological activities they can manifest in a specific biological context, novel approaches are needed to address these analyses holistically. To overcome this challenge, integrating massive and multiscale methods, such as omics sciences, seems necessary to enrich these studies. This work is intended to contribute to the state of the art that could support future research about the exploration, characterization, or evaluation of different bioactive molecules from sugarcane and its derivatives.
Introduction:
Whether high-intensity interval training (HIIT) can improve lean mass, strength, and power of the lower limbs in young and older people is still under discussion. This study aimed to ...determine the effect of HIIT on lean mass, maximal strength, rate of force development (RFD), and muscle power of both lower limbs in healthy young and older adults. Secondarily, to compare the effects of HIIT between dominant vs. non-dominant lower limbs of each group.
Materials and methods:
Healthy older (
n
= 9; 66 ± 6 years; BMI 27.1 ± 3.1 kg m
−2
) and young (
n
= 9; 21 ± 1 years; BMI 26.2 ± 2.8 kg m
−2
) men underwent 12 weeks of HIIT (3x/week) on a stationary bicycle. The evaluations were made before and after the HIIT program by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), anthropometry, force transducer and, Sit-to-Stand test. The outcomes analyzed were limb lean mass, thigh circumference, maximal voluntary isometric strength, RFD (Time intervals: 0–50, 50–100, 100–200, and 0–200 ms), and muscle power in both lower limbs.
Results:
After 12 weeks of HIIT, non-dominant limb (NDL) showed increase in limb lean mass (
p
< 0.05) but without interaction (time*group). HIIT showed a gain in absolute maximal strength and also when adjusted for thigh circumference in the dominant lower limb (DL) in both groups. The RFD
0–200 ms
showed differences between groups but without interaction. The RFD
0–50 ms
of the NDL showed post-training improvements (
p
< 0.05) in both groups. Only the older group showed differences between DL vs. NDL in most of the RFD obtained post-intervention. In addition, post-HIIT muscle power gain was observed in both groups (
p
< 0.05), but mainly in older adults.
Conclusion:
HIIT promotes increases in lean mass, maximal strength, early RFD, and lower limb muscle power in healthy older and young individuals. The differences shown between the DL and the NDL must be analyzed in future studies.
Simulation is an important adjunct to traditional surgical training, allowing for repetitive practice of new skills without compromising patient safety. Although several simulation models have been ...described and evaluated for gynecologic procedures, there is a lack of such models for laparoscopic myomectomy.
This study aimed to design a low-cost, low-fidelity laparoscopic myomectomy simulation model and to assess the model’s validity as a training tool.
The model was constructed using a “cup turner” foam cylinder, felt, a 2-inch stress ball, self-adhesive bandage wrap, multipurpose sealing wrap, red marker, and hook-and-loop fastener. Participants were recruited at a quaternary care academic center and at the Society for Gynecologic Surgeons Annual Scientific Meeting. The simulation task involved the following 2 steps: fibroid enucleation and hysterotomy repair. Validity evidence was collected by comparing expert and novice simulation task performances. Video recordings were scored by 2 blinded reviewers using the Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic Skills scale (5–20 points) and a modified Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic Skills scale (5–35 points), incorporating 3 novel domains specific to laparoscopic myomectomy. The Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare the task completion times and performance scores. Interrater reliability of scoring was assessed using the interclass correlation coefficient. Validity was also assessed with a post-task survey regarding the model’s realism, utility, and educational effect.
The total cost to construct each model was under $5. A 3:1 ratio was used to recruit 15 novices and 5 experts. The median time to task completion was shorter for experts than for novices (11.8 vs 20.1 minutes; P=.004). The experts scored higher than the novices on both the Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic Skills scale (median 19 range 13–20 vs 10 6–17.5; P=.007) and the modified Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic Skills scale (31.5 21.5–33.5 vs 18.5 13.5–32; P=.009). The interclass correlation coefficient was 0.95 for the Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic Skills scores and 0.96 for the modified Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic Skills scores. Most of the participants agreed that the model closely approximated the feel of fibroid enucleation (70% 14/20) and suturing the uterus (80% 16/20). All the participants agreed that the model was useful for learning or teaching laparoscopic myomectomy.
This study demonstrates evidence supporting the validity of a novel, low-cost laparoscopic myomectomy model and a novel assessment scale for laparoscopic myomectomy training. This simulation model provides a targeted training tool that allows learners to focus on the key aspects of laparoscopic myomectomy and may improve readiness for the operating room.
To determine whether minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for uterine myomas is used differentially based on race and ethnicity.
Retrospective cohort study.
Quaternary care academic hospital in the ...United States.
Patients undergoing hysterectomy or myomectomy for uterine myomas between March 15, 2015, and March 14, 2020 (N = 1311). Cases involving correction of pelvic organ prolapse, malignancy, peripartum hysterectomy, or combined procedures with nongynecologic specialties were excluded. Racial/ethnic composition of the study population was 40.0% non-Hispanic white (white), 27.9% non-Hispanic black (black), 14.0% Hispanic, 13.7% non-Hispanic Asian (Asian), and 4.3% non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native/Pacific Islander/Other.
Hysterectomy, myomectomy.
Of the 1311 cases, 35.9% were minimally invasive hysterectomy, 16.4% abdominal hysterectomy, 35.6% minimally invasive myomectomy, and 12.1% abdominal myomectomy. MIS rates were 94.7% among fellowship-trained minimally invasive gynecologic surgery subspecialists, 44.2% among obstetrics and gynecology specialists, and 46.8% among gynecologic oncologists. There were disparities in surgeon type based on race/ethnicity, with 59.8% of white patients having undergone surgery with a minimally invasive gynecologic surgery subspecialist vs 44.0% of black patients and 45.7% of Hispanic patients. Black and Hispanic patients were less likely to undergo MIS overall vs white patients (adjusted odds ratio aOR 0.33, 95% confidence interval CI 0.22-0.48 and aOR 0.44, 95% CI 0.28-0.72, respectively). Black and Hispanic patients undergoing hysterectomy were less likely than white patients to undergo MIS (aOR 0.33, 95% CI 0.21-0.51 and aOR 0.35, 95% CI 0.20-0.60, respectively). There were no significant differences in rates of MIS based on race/ethnicity for myomectomies nor differences in major or minor complications by race/ethnicity overall.
At a quaternary care institution, black and Hispanic patients were significantly less likely than white patients to undergo MIS for uterine myomas, particularly for hysterectomy.
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