Mouthguards are commonly used in the prevention of head and mouth injuries in many sport disciplines. Elastic polymeric materials used in their fabrication absorb the energy of impact. However, ...decontamination procedures may cause damage to their surface causing deterioration of their properties and favouring pathogen colonization. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of different cleaning methods on mouthguard materials, surface quality.
The material for the research consisted of 81 samples made from polymeric materials used for custom mouthguard fabrication - Impak, Corflex Orthodontic and Erkoflex. Samples were viewed under a scanning electron microscope after exposure to different cleaning methods.
Statistical analysis of tested decontamination procedures and disinfecting agents showed statistically important ( p < 0.05) results for the presence of small and big separated pieces, grooves and holes. Out of all the cases the lowest indicator for occurrence was in the disinfecting spray - Aftermat.
Considering the importance of the surface material of the mouthguard, disinfection should be the method of choice for maintaining its hygiene. Impak material samples, cleaned with the Aftermat spray, showed the lowest range of damage.
The Central American Isthmus has had profound effects on the evolution and distribution of larger marine organisms, but the impacts on meiobenthic animals have received little attention. Tardigrades ...are microscopic metazoan lobopodians that are ubiquitous in benthic communities worldwide, but little is known about marine tardigrades in Central America. Only two marine tardigrades have been identified to species level in all of Central America, and these came from a single sample of barnacles from El Salvador collected in 1953. Additionally, multiple haplotypes of Echiniscoides were reported from Costa Rica and Panama, but species names were not assigned. Here we report an extensive survey of both intertidal and subtidal marine tardigrades from both the Caribbean and Pacific coasts of Costa Rica. We found 701 individuals in 65 samples. There was a total of 19 taxa, including seven species with a sufficient quality and quantity of specimens to describe here as new to science. The new species are Archechiniscus murilloi sp. nov., Batillipes homocercus sp. nov., Batillipes ichthyocercus sp. nov., Echiniscoides costaricensis sp. nov., Echiniscoides ritavargasae sp. nov., Styraconyx vargasi sp. nov. and Tanarctus breedyae sp. nov. Ten taxa were found only in the Caribbean, six were found only in the Pacific, and three were found on both coasts. We discuss the three species with trans-isthmus distributions and note two additional candidate geminate species pairs that warrant further investigation.
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