Medbesedilnost v poeziji Gregorja Strnise torej ni Ie vkljueevanje »tuje besede «, ternvec tudi vzpostavljanje dialoskih razrnerij s slikarskirni podobarni. Razrnerja rned sliko in zapisano besedo ...kazejo razlicno stopnjo rnedsebojne odvisnosti. Raziskovalci govorijo 0 »interferenci« (npr. Caws 1990), »oscilaciji« Jean-Luc Nancy (2003: 144), hiazrnu, »korespondenci« rned urnetnostrni oz. rnedbesedilnosti (DZIADEK 2011: 14). Vprasanje ekfraze kot vrste medbesedilnosti je kompleksno in problematieno. Izraz ekJraza (gr. ekphrasis - nataneen opis) je v leksikonu Literatura definiran kot»v anticni retoriki, literaturi in zgodovinopisju natancen opis oseb ali predmetov, posebno umetniskih del, kipov, stavb« (1987: 57). Mnogi raziskovalci ekfrazo razurnejo bolj siroko in ta za njih predstavlja »verbalno reprezentacijo grafiene ali vizualne reprezentacije« (HEFFERNAN 1991: 297-316). V prispevku bo ekfraza obravnavana z literarnega vidika in zato upostevarn definicijo iz Slownika terminow literackich (Slovarja literarne terminologije), kjer je pojem ekfraze opredeljen kot »pesnisko delo, ki opisuje slikarsko, kiparsko ali arhitekturno umetnino. « (GLOWIl:rSKI 1998: 122). Da bi doloeeno besedilo lahko razumeli kot ekfrazo, mora vsebovati eksplicitne povezave/navezave s konkretnirn urnetniskirn delorn (slikarskim, kiparskim ali arhitekturnim). Naslov slike, kipa, zgradbe ali priimek avtorja se lahko pojavi v naslovu, podnaslovu ali v sarnern literarnern besedilu. Druga znaCilnost ekfraze je opis urnetniskega dela v besedilu, ki ornogoca nedvornno povezavo z doloceno urnetnino. V sodobni poeziji ekfraza ni vezana Ie na prikazovanje dolocenega predrneta z besedo, arnpak tudi z nastankorn avtonornne pesniske stvaritve, zaznarnovane s posebnostrni avtorjevega pesniskega jezika. Ta se obenem trudi, da bi pokazal predmet (npr. slikarsko delo) in v ospredje postavlja naCin njegove prezentacije. Pesmi dveh ciklov iz zbirke Skarje lahko obravnavamo kot ekfraze, ker se v njih pojavljajo °Citna znarnenja, ki nas usrnerjajo neposredno na konkretna dela slikarske urnetnosti Giorgia de Chirica. Prvi cikel z naslovorn Sence ze s svojirn podnaslovorn »po naCinu rnoj stra Giorgia de Chirica« usrnerja k neliterarnernu viru navdiha. Tudi drugi cikel Stolpi s podnaslovorn »iz album a Giorgia de Chirica« kaze na zvezo z ustvarjalnostjo nadrealisticnega slikarja; naslovi posarneznih pesrni so obenern (vcasih nekoliko spremenjeni) naslovi slik: Melanholija nekega popoldneva, Skrivnost prihoda, Strah pred odhodom, Nostalgija za neskoncnostjo, Veliki stolp. Druga znaCilnost, ki uterneljuje rabo oznake ekJraza za ornenjena dela, pa je ta, da vsebujejo elernente opisa navedenih urnetniskih del, in sicer konkretnih rnotivov ali barv. Oba cikla se torej navezujeta na rnetafizicno slikarstvo Giorgia de Chirica in predstavljata poskus jezikovne konceptualizacije vizualne zaznave. V prvern od ornenjenih eiklov z naslovorn Sence Gregor Strnisa vodi dialog predvsern z nacinom slikarjevega upodabljanja. V pesmih se pojavljajo za de Chirica znacilni rnotivi, kot so: senee, prazne uliee, stene ali vogali zgradb, pokrajine opustelih rnest, ki se ne nanasajo na konkretna slikarska dela. V tern prirneru za intertekstualno razrnerje rned besedili ni bistvena stopnja podobnosti prototipu, ternvee poskus pesnikove rekonstrukeije neponovljivega razpolozenja, kakrsnega ustvarja de Chirieovo rnetafizieno slikarstvo, torej razpolozenja skrivnosti, nostalgije in prieakovanja. Zato je te pesrni rnogoee uvrstiti rned t. i. Bildgedichte.1 V njih se jasno vidi, da se je avtor navdihoval pri slikarskih delih, eeprav ne gre za njihov nataneen opis, arnpak sarno za »svobodno besedno variacijo« (DZIADEK 2011: 11) slikarskih tern. Strnisa navadno koneeptualizira vizualno izkusnjo in stern ustvari novo pesnisnisko sliko s pornoejo motiva, ki se pojavi v slikarskem delu de Chirica. Uporabljena sredstva (npr. epiteti, prirnerjave, poosebitve) vplivajo tako na nazornost opisa kot tudi na ustvarjanje posebnega ozraeja slikarskih del. Stevilne ponovitve istih rnotivov v eelotnern eiklu ustvarjajo vtis, da gre za ternatizaeije razlienih fragrnentov de Chirieovih slik. Odlornek iz prve pesrni eikla Cigara Tako uzaveScene slikarske podobe kot tudi poskusi njihove jezikovne konceptualizacije tezijo k prikazovanju necesa, kar se predstavitvi izmika. Osvetliti zelijo skrivnostno razseznost obstoja, sintezo tujega in nedostopnega, ki je hkrati izraz notranje izkusnje. Na eni strani stremijo k dosledni ponazoritvi slikarskega fenomena, na drugi strani pa govorijo 0 neizrazljivosti, znaCilni za opis slikarskega dela. Poleg tega priblizujejo naslovnika taki resnicnosti, kakrsno vidi Strnisa, torej vecdimenzionalni in nedournljivi, v kateri posameme razseznosti sobivajo (elementi, uporabljeni tako v pesmih kot na slikah de Chirica, se ponav1jajo v zaporednih de1ih; npr. sence, stolp). Slike, na katere se navezuje Strnisa, ne izrazajo brez razloga skrivnosti in vere v moznost transgresije in dvoma v obstoj edine nam dostopne razseznosti sveta. To je neposredno povezano tudi s pesnikovim svetovnim nazorom, po katerem je poezija svojevrsten notranji svet, ki v sebi zelruzuje nasprotja Crea1nega in domisljijskega, zunanjega innotranjega, zemeljskega in vesoljskega), obenem pa se z medbesedilnimi navezavami ta svet siri in bogati.
In a moss sample collected in Ribeiro Frio, Madeira, Paramacrobiotus gadabouti sp. nov. was found and described using the integrative taxonomy approach. The new species is described based on ...morphological and morphometric data from both phase-contrast light microscopy (PCM), as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, four DNA markers, three nuclear (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, ITS-2) and one mitochondrial (COI) markers, were used to elucidate the phylogenetic position of the new species within the family Macrobiotidae. The new species has a microplacoid that placed it within Parmacrobiotus richtersi group and exhibit richtersi-type eggs having processes terminated with cap-like structures. Paramacrobiotus gadabouti sp. nov. is most similar to Pam. alekseevi, Pam. filipi and Pam. garynahi, but differs from them mainly in details of egg morphology and morphometrics. Unlike other species from this group, which were confirmed as bisexual and showed limited distribution, Paramacrobiotus gadabouti sp. nov. is yet another parthenogenetic species with a wide distribution, demonstrating that at least some tardigrades confirm to the hypothesis of 'everything is everywhere'.
In the present study, we used the integrative taxonomy approach to redescribe Minibiotus intermedius based on the newly found topotypic population in Marburg (Germany). As the original type material ...is not available, we designate a neotype to stabilize the taxonomy of the genus Minibiotus. Obtained mitochondrial COI barcode sequence and nuclear markers, i.e., 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA of M. intermedius from the neotype locality, were unique and distinct from those deposited in GenBank. In the first redescription of M. intermedius, only four specimens and no eggs from the neotype locality were analyzed. Moreover, genetic analyses were not conducted and barcodes were not available. Therefore, the present study, by establishing the neotype and providing integrative data on the neotype population, helps to better define the Minibiotus taxonomy and prevents further misunderstandings in the future.
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•Integrative description and phylogenetic analyses of Pam. experimentalis sp. nov.•Microbiome of new tardigrade species is dominated by Proteobacteria and Firmicutes.•The microbiome ...community of Pam. experimentalis sp. nov. is partly species-specific.•Putative bacterial endosymbionts of new tardigrade species were identified.
In a moss samples collected on Madagascar two populations of Paramacrobiotus experimentalis sp. nov. were found. Paramacrobiotus experimentalis sp. nov. with the presence of a microplacoid and areolatus type of eggs is similar to Pam. danielae, Pam. garynahi, Pam. hapukuensis, Pam. peteri, Pam. rioplatensis and Pam. savai, but it differs from them by some morphological and morphometric characters of the eggs. The p-distance between two COI haplotypes of Pam. experimentalis sp. nov. was 0.17%. In turn, the ranges of uncorrected genetic p-distances of all Paramacrobiotus species available in GenBank was from 18.27% (for Pam. lachowskae) to 25.26% (for Pam. arduus) with an average distance of 20.67%. We also found that Pam. experimentalis sp. nov. is bisexual. This observation was congruent on three levels: (i) morphological – specimen size dimorphism; (ii) structural (primary sexual characteristics) – females have an unpaired ovary while males have an unpaired testis and (iii) molecular – heterozygous and homozygous strains of the ITS-2 marker. Although symbiotic associations of hosts with bacteria (including endosymbiotic bacteria) are common in nature and these interactions exert various effects on the evolution, biology and reproductive ecology of hosts, there is still very little information on the bacterial community associated with tardigrades. To fill this gap and characterise the bacterial community of Pam. experimentalis sp. nov. populations and microbiome of its microhabitat, high throughput sequencing of the V3-V4 hypervariable regions in the bacterial 16S rRNA gene fragment was performed. The obtained 16S rRNA gene sequences ranged from 92,665 to 131,163. In total, 135 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified across the rarefied dataset. Overall, both Pam. experimentalis sp. nov. populations were dominated by OTUs ascribed to the phylum Proteobacteria (89–92%) and Firmicutes (6–7%). In the case of samples from tardigrades’ laboratory habitat, the most abundant bacterial phylum was Proteobacteria (51–90%) and Bacteroides (9–48%). In all compared microbiome profiles, only 16 of 137 OTUs were shared. We found also significant differences in beta diversity between the partly species-specific microbiome of Pam. experimentalis sp. nov. and its culturing environment. Two OTUs belonging to a putative bacterial endosymbiont were identified – Rickettsiales and Polynucleobacter. We also demonstrated that each bacterial community was rich in genes involved in membrane transport, amino acid metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism.
Background: The quality of life in osteoporosis is studied for men rather than for women. Aim of the study was to determine how bone mass density (BMD) relates to life quality components and the ...severity of pain felt by men affected by osteoporosis. Methods: Presented research is a cross-sectional study. The cohort of 62 men aged 65 to 85 years was divided into a group with osteoporosis (N = 27) and a group without osteoporosis (N = 35). The participants’ quality of life was measured with the Qualeffo41 Questionnaire, BMD was quantified by densitometry, and pain intensity was assessed on the Visual Analogue Scale. Results: We found that lower BMD was strongly correlated to participants’ quality of life (r = −0.72), especially the quality of leisure and social activities (r = −0.66), general health perception (r = −0.59), and mobility (r = −0.57). Pain significantly affected general health perception in older men with osteoporosis. General health assessment and pain were highly correlated with each other (r = 0.888). Conclusion: BMD and the overall quality of life of the study participants were related to each other. The strongest relationship occurred between reduced BMD and leisure and social activities component. The pain significantly affected participants’ general health perception. The results may be employed to create new prophylactic strategies to improve life quality in men with osteoporosis.
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