This study examined the use of the Gompertz, Groot, monomolecular, Richards and two-compartment-logistic mathematical models to investigate the kinetics of in vitro gas production of diets composed ...of combinations of Gliricidia hay or silage. In addition, the effects of Gliricidia hay or silage inclusion on the in vitro cumulative gas production of these diets were evaluated. Rumen fermentation kinetics were analyzed by the in vitro cumulative gas production methodology. The model parameters were estimated using the Gauss Newton method, with the exception of the Richards model, which was used by Marquardt’s algorithm. Model fit was assessed using the determination coefficient, F test for parameters identity, concordance correlation coefficient, root mean square error of prediction, and decomposition of mean square error of prediction into mean error, systematic bias and random error. The models were compared for accuracy (pairwise mean square error of prediction) and precision (delta Akaike’s information criterion). All model evaluation and comparison statistics were calculated using Model Evaluation System software version 3.2.2. The Groot and Richards models did not differ from each other (P>0.05) and were the most precise and accurate (P<0.05). Therefore, the Groot model was selected due to its better accuracy and precision and easier access to the parameters. The inclusion of Gliricidia silage in the diet resulted in an increase in the time to obtain the maximum rate of degradation and in the time after incubation when half of the asymptotic level was reached. The Groot model is recommended to estimate the average curve. Dietary inclusion of Gliricidia silage alters the gas production curve due to the longer time required for the diet to reach the maximum rate of degradation, this can increase the time the diet remains in rumen and promote a reduction in the consumption.
RESUMO: Objetivou-se avaliar os modelos matemáticos Gompertz, Groot, monomolecular, Richards e logístico bicompartimental para estudar a cinética de produção de gás in vitro de dietas compostas de combinações de feno ou silagem de Gliricídia. Além disso, avaliou-se os efeitos da inclusão de feno ou silagem de Gliricídia sobre a produção cumulativa de gás in vitro destas dietas. A cinética de fermentação ruminal foi avaliada pela metodologia de produção cumulativa de gás in vitro. Os parâmetros dos modelos foram estimados usando o método de Gauss Newton, com exceção do modelo de Richards, que foi usado algoritmo de Marquardt. O ajuste dos modelos foi avaliado por meio do coeficiente de determinação, teste F para a identidade dos parâmetros, coeficiente de correlação e concordância, raiz quadrada do quadrado médio do erro da predição e a decomposição do quadrado médio do erro da predição em erro médio, vício sistemático e erro aleatório. Os modelos foram comparados quanto à acurácia (quadrado médio da predição pareado) e quanto à sua precisão (critério de informação delta de Akaike). Todas as estatísticas de avaliação e comparação dos modelos foram calculadas usando o software Model Evaluation System versão 3.2.2. Os modelos de Groot e Richards não diferiram entre si (P>0.05) e foram os mais precisos e acurados (P<0.05). Portanto, modelo de Groot foi selecionado devido apresentar melhor acurácia e precisão e apresentar maior facilidade na obtenção dos parâmetros. A inclusão da silagem de Gliricídia na dieta, resultou em elevação no tempo para obtenção da máxima taxa de degradação e no tempo após a incubação em que metade do nível assintótico foi atingido. Recomenda-se a utilização do modelo de Groot para estimativa da curva média. A inclusão da silagem de Gliricídia altera a curva de produção de gás devido o maior tempo necessário para que a dieta atingisse a máxima taxa de degradação, isso pode elevar o tempo de permanência da dieta no rúmen e promover redução no consumo.
A permanente cobertura vegetal do solo, em Florestas de Araucária, contribui na conservação de sua biodiversidade edáfica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial da fauna edáfica e das ...variáveis ambientais explicativas (físico-químicas e microbiológicas do solo) na discriminação de florestas com araucária nativa e reflorestada. Avaliaram-se florestas com Araucaria angustifolia nativa (NF) e reflorestada (RF) em três regiões distintas no estado de São Paulo, representando três repetições. Em cada área, 15 amostras de solo foram coletadas para avaliação dos atributos físicos, químicos e microbiológicos e, nos mesmos pontos, procedeu-se às coletas da fauna utilizando-se o método de armadilhas de queda (Pitfall traps). A fauna do solo foi influenciada pela sazonalidade, apresentando maior abundância de indivíduos no verão. Os grupos Collembola, Formicidae e Coleoptera foram os mais abundantes, independentemente da época de amostragem e tipo de floresta. A Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) e Análise Canônica Discriminante (ACD) claramente diferenciaram as áreas de araucárias. Na ACP, Hemiptera, Collembola e Diplopoda ficaram associados à RF no inverno, principalmente pelos maiores valores de matéria seca da serapilheira. Já em NF, foram os grupos Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, Araneae e Coleoptera, explicados pela melhor qualidade do solo e da serapilheira. No verão, ficaram associados à NF, os grupos Formicidae, Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Araneae, Coleoptera e Collembola, explicados pelos maiores valores de CBM, Ca, P, C-org, macroporosidade e atividade de desidrogenase. Na ACD, a abundância de grupos taxonômicos foi o atributo da fauna edáfica mais importante para a discriminação das florestas. Da mesma forma, a umidade do solo, teor de P no solo, porosidade total e teor de S na serapilheira contribuíram na discriminação das florestas. A semelhança entre as áreas, em relação aos grupos da fauna edáfica, indica que está ocorrendo uma estabilidade das áreas reflorestadas comparável às nativas.
The work presented here aims to study and compare the performance of a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) electrospun membrane, unmodified cellulose nanofiber (CNF) based PVDF membrane, and Meldrum’s ...acid (2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione) modified CNF-based PVDF membranes against the Fe2O3 nanoparticle filtration and crystal violet (CV) dye adsorption. Herein, we introduced a facile method to produce a unique green adsorbent material from cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) via a nonsolvent assisted procedure using Meldrum’s acid as an esterification agent to enhance the adsorption toward positively charged crystal violet dyes. Most of the surface modifications of cellulose nanofibers have been done using toxic organic solvents like pyridine, dimethyl acetate, (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO), etc. So far, this is the first report on the surface modification of cellulose nanofibers via a nonsolvent assisted procedure. Both CNF-based PVDF membranes were prepared by successive coating of modified and unmodified CNFs on to the surface of a PVDF electrospun membrane. All the demonstrated membranes showed high filtration capacity against the Fe2O3 nanoparticles. With the 10 mg/L of crystal violet (CV) aqueous solution, CV adsorption of PVDF electrospun membrane, and unmodified CNF-based PVDF membrane was around 1.368 and 2.948 mg/g of the membrane respectively, whereas it was 3.984 mg/g of the membrane by Meldrum’s acid CNF-based PVDF membrane. The demonstrated Meldrum’s acid modified CNF-based PVDF membrane was proven to be the efficient media that can concurrently eliminate the Fe2O3 nanoparticles and CV dyes from the water. The investigation into the surface chemistries of cellulose nanofibers beyond the adoption of toxic solvents can enhance the economic usefulness of the process and also yield a new ecofriendly adsorbent material that is agreeable to adsorbing various toxic pollutants.
Thermal analysis could rapidly and easily predict nutritional value of ruminant feeds. The hypothesis is that crambe meal (CM) has a quality similar to that of soybean meal (SM), and the objective of ...this study was to determine the nutritional characteristics of CM and compare them to those of SM. CM had greater concentrations of phytic acid (26.3 vs. 16.0 g/kg) and phenol compounds (615 vs. 393 mg gallic acid (GAE)/kg) than SM. In vitro dry matter (DM) digestibility was lower for CM than SM (752 vs. 975 g/kg DM). Cumulative in vitro gas production at 48 h of incubation (14.1 vs. 19.4 mL/100 mg substrate DM), and energy release (4.5 vs. 5.7 kJ/g substrate DM) were lower for CM than SM. CM had a higher concentration of low digestible fiber, hence degradability of DM was lower and the proportion of indigestible fraction was greater for CM than SM. High concentrations of indigestible compounds were likely responsible for lower gas production of CM compared to SM. These results suggest CM quality is lower than that of SM and that thermal analysis is a useful tool to precisely determine the nutritive value of oilseed residues.
This study examined fermentation rates and kinetics of sheep rations based on combinations of elephant grass hay, gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) hay or silage, soybean meal and corn meal using in ...vitro techniques. Three rations were prepared, namely: Control (elephant grass hay + soybean meal + corn meal); gliricidia hay (elephant grass hay + soybean meal + corn meal + gliricidia hay); and gliricidia silage (elephant grass hay + soybean meal + corn meal + gliricidia silage). A fixed ratio of roughage:concentrate of 55:45 was maintained for all rations, which were isocaloric and designed to support sheep gains of 200 g/day. The gliricidia replaced 57.6% of the soybean meal in the rations containing gliricidia and 81.8% of the elephant grass hay. Fermentation rates and kinetics, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and degradability of the rations were evaluated. Rations containing gliricidia as both hay and silage had higher (P<0.05) IVDMD than the Control ration (67.8 and 66.2 vs. 59.8%). The degradability of the ration containing gliricidia hay was higher (P<0.05) than that of the gliricidia silage ration (57.8 vs. 50.5%), whereas the Control showed an intermediate value (54.4%). The ration containing gliricidia hay and the Control produced more gas in the first 24 h than the ration containing gliricidia silage, and the gliricidia hay ration showed the shortest colonization time. Peak gas production occurred for the ration with gliricidia silage later than for the other rations. The study showed that substituting soybean meal with preserved gliricidia can result in higher digestibility of sheep rations. Feeding studies with animals are now warranted to verify these laboratory findings.
The synthesis and structural characterization of microporous lanthanide silicates (Na1.08 K 0.5Ln1.14Si3O8.5·1.78H2O, Ln = Eu, Tb, Sm, Ce) are reported. The structure of these solids is closely ...related with the structure of hydrated calcium silicate minerals known as tobermorites and was solved by powder X-ray diffraction ab initio (direct) methods and further characterized by chemical analysis, thermogravimetry, scanning electron microscopy, 23Na and 29Si MAS NMR and luminescence spectroscopy. These materials combine microporosity with interesting photoluminescence properties, and their structural flexibility allows fine-tuning of luminescence properties, by introducing a second type of lanthanide ion in the framework. Thus, they may find applications in new types of sensors.
The present study tested brown propolis in crude or extract form as a feed supplement for feedlot lambs to identify the type that most improves in vivo nutrient digestibility. Digestibility was ...assessed by both total fecal collection and internal markers and the results obtained by these techniques were compared. The completely randomized design was used to compare feed intake and nutrient digestibility of 24 male lambs aged seven months among four dietary treatments (crude brown propolis, propolis ethanol extract, monensin sodium, and control). Methods of feces collection were compared using a completely randomized split-plot design, with experimental diets corresponding to the main factor and the methods to estimate fecal production as the sub-factor. The diets had a roughage:concentrate ratio of 50:50, with Tifton-85 bermudagrass hay (Cynodon spp.) as roughage, and ground corn, soybean meal and minerals as concentrate. The lambs fed diets with crude propolis had higher feed intake than those fed diets containing monensin sodium. The different diets did not affect dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, or acid detergent fiber digestibility, but crude propolis supplementation provided higher ether extract digestibility than monensin sodium. Nutrient digestibility, as indicated by indigestible neutral detergent fiber, indigestible acid detergent fiber and sequentially-determined indigestible acid detergent fiber, was lower than that found with the fecal collection method. The addition of brown propolis has the same effect as monensin, but neither maximized nutrient availability in the diet of feedlot lambs at 7 months of age. Digestibility assessment using the internal markers indigestible neutral detergent fiber, indigestible acid detergent fiber and sequentially-determined indigestible acid detergent fiber is not an efficient method compared with total feces collection.
RESUMO: Este estudo teve como escopo analisar os avanços da inclusão do público da Educação Especial nas salas de aula comuns da Educação Básica, considerando as necessidades formativas dos docentes ...nessa área específica. Consiste em um estudo quantiqualitativo, tendo como fontes empíricas microdados da Prova Brasil, edição 2021, mais especificamente os questionários destinados aos docentes do 5º ano do Ensino Fundamental, os quais estão disponíveis no portal do Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais Anísio Teixeira (Inep). A extração dessas informações e análise estatística foram realizadas com o auxílio do Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). O resultado da investigação revela que o percentual de matrículas dos alunos com deficiência, transtorno do espectro autista (TEA) e altas habilidades em classes comuns, no Brasil, entre 2013 e 2019, cresceu 7,4%. Aponta, também, que 86,5% dos professores da amostra investigada declararam possuir necessidades formativas de nível moderado a alto. Conclui-se que o público da Educação Especial ainda necessita travar muitos embates em prol de uma escola mais justa e inclusiva para todos, o que implica batalhar para que os princípios de igualdade e equidade se materializem tanto no campo real quanto no campo ideal.
ABSTRACT: This study focused on analyzing the inclusive advances for the population of Special Education in ordinary classrooms in Basic Education, considering teachers’ training need in this specific area. It consists of a quantitative and qualitative approach study, using as empirical sources microdata from Prova Brasil, 2021 edition, more specifically the questionnaires applied to teachers of the 5th grade of Elementary School, which are available on the webpage of the National Institute of Educational Studies and Research Anísio Teixeira (INEP). The extraction of this information and statistical analysis were carried out with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The result of the investigation reveals that the percentage of enrollments for students with disabilities, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and giftedness in ordinary classrooms, in Brazil, between 2013 and 2019, rose 7.4%. It also points out that 86.5% of the teachers in the investigated sample declared that they had moderate to high training needs. It was concluded that the population of Special Education still needs to face some issues in favor of a fairer and more inclusive school to everyone, which implies fighting so that the principles of equality and equity materialize both in the real field and in the ideal field.
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•Nanosorbents with high magnetization were synthesized for Pb (II) removal.•Nanosorbents were capped with thin layers of modified biopolymers.•Thin layers of biopolymers were ...sufficient to improve Pb (II) removal.•Cheap raw materials were utilized for nanoparticle functionalization.•Nanosorbents can be recovered magnetically for reuse in Pb (II) removal.
In this study we report findings on the elaboration of magnetic nanosorbents based on manganese ferrite nanoparticles (MNPs) capped with carboxymethylated biopolymers (starch or cellulose) for water remediation purposes. The functionalization was optimized through the analysis of pH-dependent speciation profiles of MNPs/biopolymers, and samples were characterized using X ray powder diffraction, atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption–desorption surface analysis and magnetization measurements. Nanosorbents have all been shown to remove Pb (II) efficiently from aqueous solution (∼100%, after 30 min of contact) in spite of the presence of very tiny layers of biopolymers (the maximal amount of organic layer adsorbed on the MNP surface was only about 4.0% in mass and biopolymer coating thickness was estimated < 1 nm). This low biopolymer content was sufficient to increase the affinity of nanosorbents for Pb (II), preserving high magnetization of material (∼65 emu/g). Equilibrium adsorption isotherms for Pb (II) adsorption on biopolymer-modified MNPs indicated that more heterogeneous surfaces were formed after capping MNPs with biopolymers, corroborating the hypothesis that upon surface functionalization, affinity for Pb (II) adsorption by the magnetic adsorbents was enhanced. Adsorption was more effective at pH = 5.5, and the contact time required to reach equilibrium was relatively short (∼30 min), following a pseudo-second-order model, with adsorption capacities of (34 to 46 mg g−1), calculated from Sips model. Regeneration studies revealed that the nanosorbents can be recovered for reuse, indicating their use as a powerful tool for Pb (II) removal from contaminated water.
The main definition for meat quality should include factors that affect consumer appreciation of the product. Physical laboratory analyses are necessary to identify factors that affect meat quality ...and specific equipment is used for this purpose, which is expensive and destructive, and the analyses are usually time consuming. An alternative method to performing several beef analyses is near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS), which permits to reduce costs and to obtain faster, simpler, and nondestructive measurements. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of NIRS to predict shear force Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), marbling, and color (*a = redness; b* = yellowness; and L* = lightness) in meat samples of uncastrated male Nelore cattle, that were approximately 2-yr-old. Samples of longissimus thoracis (n = 644) were collected and spectra were obtained prior to meat quality analysis. Multivariate calibration was performed by partial least squares regression. Several preprocessing techniques were evaluated alone and in combination: raw data, reduction of spectral range, multiplicative scatter correction, and 1st derivative. Accuracies of the calibration models were evaluated using the root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC), root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), coefficient of determination in the calibration (R2C), and prediction (R2P) groups. Among the different preprocessing techniques, the reduction of spectral range provided the best prediction accuracy for all traits. The NIRS showed a better performance to predict WBSF (RMSEP = 1.42 kg, R2P = 0.40) and b* color (RMSEP = 1.21, R2P = 0.44), while its ability to accurately predict L* (RMSEP = 1.98, R2P = 0.16) and a* (RMSEP = 1.42, R2P = 0.17) was limited. NIRS was unsuitable to predict subjective meat quality traits such as marbling in Nelore cattle.
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