As John Adams noted, the American Revolution was foremost a revolution of ideals. The origin of these principles is typically attributed to eighteenth-century historical and ideological factors. This ...paper examines the Pauline origins of these ideals and the historical context in which they were transmitted. The Pauline doctrine of man rests upon concepts of universal human imperfection, universal equality before God, and the universal freedom of the human will. Although largely neglected after Paul's death, these ideas gained great popularity during the Reformation. John Locke later embraced Pauline views and based his political theories on Pauline concepts. Isaac Newton's biblical studies also helped advance Pauline views. Pauline principles were introduced to the New World by the Puritans. The Great Awakening helped bring the ideals of human equality and freedom to the forefront of colonial thought. Thomas Jefferson ultimately immortalized these concepts in the Declaration of Independence.
In this experiment the question of whether persons with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) were more rule-governed in their behavior than people without OCD was investigated. The repetitive behavior ...of persons with OCD suggests a rigid adherence to behavioral rules. The performances of 40 subjects diagnosed as obsessive-compulsive and confirmed by the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Goodman et al., 1989) were compared to 40 non-OCD Ss (who were matched on gender, age, and relative education) on a matching-to-sample task. It was hypothesized that the OCD Ss would be less sensitive to contingency changes in four different rule conditions thus making more errors on the matching-to-sample task after the contingency change. In Condition 1 (Rule/No Rule), Ss were given an explicit rule on how to properly contact the task contingency and then the contingency changed without warning. In Condition 2, (Rule/Rule), an explicit rule was given at the start of the task and then Ss were given another explicit rule signaling that the contingency had changed. In Condition 3 (No Rule/No Rule), no rules were ever given and responding was contingency-shaped in the first and second contingency set. Finally, in Condition 4 (No Rule/Rule), initially contingency-shaped Ss were subsequently given a rule signaling the contingency change. Results show that OCD Ss did not differ statistically significantly from non-OCD Ss under any of the conditions. With respect to choice reaction time, all Ss increased statistically significantly after the contingency change. In addition, OCD Ss had a longer choice RT under all conditions than their non-OCD matches. OCD Ss scored significantly higher on the Scale for Personality Rigidity than the non-OCD Ss and there was a statistically significant, positive correlation between the Scale for Personality Rigidity scores and the Y-BOCS scores. In conclusion, OCD Ss were not more rule-governed than matched non-OCD Ss as evidenced by the equivalent response maintenance scores. However, OCD Ss made their choice responses statistically significantly slower than their matched pairs under all rule conditions.
Plant growth and development require the coordinate regulation of gene expression beginning with the fertilized egg and continuing throughout the life of the organism. The ribosome is a complex ...organelle that has the central role of translating the genetic code and therefore mediates the flow of information for plant growth and development through the production of proteins that carry out the genetic instructions. In order to investigate some of the molecular aspects of gene expression in the garden pea a cDNA (PsG-F) was used to determine the nucleotide sequence, structure, expression and functional significance of a ribosomal protein gene (rp L9) believed to be involved in the growth and development of the plant. The nucleotide sequence of the rp L9 gene was obtained from two genomic clones isolated using the cDNA, PsG-F, as a probe. Truncations of a 1261 bp region $5\sp\prime$ to the translation start site of a pea rp L9 gene have been used to locate the promoter region of the gene through fusions with the bacterial reporter gene uidA, and by subsequent transformation of plants. The enzyme activity of the reporter gene that encodes $\beta$-glucuronidase (GUS) has been assayed in both transgenic pea and tobacco. Transient transformation of pea tissues has shown that a 316 bp region $5\sp\prime$ to the ATG codon of the gene is sufficient to drive GUS expression. Stable transformation of tobacco supports this result and also suggests that other DNA sequences upstream of this region may also have a role in regulating gene activity. Northern blot analysis indicates gene transcription is abundant in rapidly growing shoot and root tissues, low in maturing internodes and absent in expanded leaves. Histochemical localization of GUS in transgenic plants has demonstrated that gene activity is most intense in tissues undergoing rapid cell division such as the lateral and apical meristems of roots, the developing vascular tissue of stem and rapidly expanding axillary buds of shoots. The computational characterization of the promoter sequence indicates that significant nucleotide homologies exist with other plant ribosomal protein genes. Consensus sequences for 6 cis-acting motifs have been derived from these computations. It is proposed that a regulatory pathway for the transcription of ribosomal protein genes may converge on these motifs, effecting their coordinate expression in the dividing cells of the developing plant.
A nonlinear scheme was used for the analysis of variability in the heart beat interval R-R interval (RRI) data to differentiate heat-intolerant humans from the heat tolerant. All subjects studied had ...previously suffered exertional heatstroke. Core temperature (T re ) and electrocardiogram data from 11 heat-tolerant (HT) and 6 heat-intolerant (HIT) males were studied, the grouping being based on the distinguishing rate of rise in T re versus time up to 39degC during submaximal exercise. The RRI data were subjected to wavelet transformation and the transformed data were utilized to generate weighted singular value (WSV) distribution profiles. The normalized WSV profiles merged together for the HT subjects, but remained widely dispersed for the HIT subjects. From WSV profiles of five HT subjects a standard WSV template (w t ) was constructed and with respect to w t the cumulative square error (epsiv) for individual WSV profiles for a cohort of six (additional) HT and six HIT subjects was analyzed. In terms of epsiv, HT and HIT groups could be differentiated with the sensitivity and the specificity exceeding 83%. The strength of the WSV profiles in characterizing processes is also demonstrated using synthetic data
OBJETIVO: determinar los patrones de articulación de fones consonánticos en sujetos de habla española chilena clases I, II y III esqueletal; comparar las diferencias fonéticas que existan entre ...clases esqueletales. MÉTODOS: se seleccionaron 54 individuos que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión determinados mediante un examen clínico intraoral y a través del análisis de Ricketts, y se conformaron los grupos de estudio de pacientes clases esqueletales I, II y III. Se les realizó un examen fonoarticulatorio estandarizado para determinar los fones modificados y el patrón articulatorio compensatorio realizado. RESULTADOS: se observaron cambios en el punto de articulación de fones consonánticos en las tres clases esqueletales, con diferencias significativas en los grupos de fones anteriores y medios entre pacientes clases I y II, sólo en el grupo de los fones anteriores entre pacientes I y III. Entre pacientes clases II y III no se observaron diferencias significativas. Se reportan modificaciones y compensaciones cualitativamente distintas entre las clases esqueletales. CONCLUSIONES: en relación a pacientes clase I, los pacientes clase II o III, presentan distinto grado de modificación en el punto de articulación de fones consonánticos. Las diferencias observadas se relacionan con los patrones esqueletales propios de cada clase.PURPOSE: to determine the consonant phonemes articulation patterns in Chilean skeletal class I, II and III Spanish speakers and compare their phonetic differences. METHODS: fifty-four skeletal class I, II and III subjects were selected, based on intraoral clinical examination and Ricketts cephalometric analysis, constituting the study groups. A standardized phonoarticulatory test was applied to each patient to determine the modified phonemes and their compensatory patterns. RESULTS: the findings indicate changes in articulation in all three groups. Significant differences were found in anterior and medium phonemes between skeletal class I and II and only in the anterior phonemes between skeletal class I and III. There were no significant differences between II and III skeletal groups. Qualitatively different modifications and compensations between skeletal classes are reported. CONCLUSION: different degree of modification in consonant phonemes articulation is shown in class II and III patients when compared to class I skeletal subjects. These differences are related to the skeletal patterns.
OBJETIVO: determinar los patrones de articulación de fones consonánticos en sujetos de habla española chilena clases I, II y III esqueletal; comparar las diferencias fonéticas que existan entre ...clases esqueletales. MÉTODOS: se seleccionaron 54 individuos que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión determinados mediante un examen clínico intraoral y a través del análisis de Ricketts, y se conformaron los grupos de estudio de pacientes clases esqueletales I, II y III. Se les realizó un examen fonoarticulatorio estandarizado para determinar los fones modificados y el patrón articulatorio compensatorio realizado. RESULTADOS: se observaron cambios en el punto de articulación de fones consonánticos en las tres clases esqueletales, con diferencias significativas en los grupos de fones anteriores y medios entre pacientes clases I y II, sólo en el grupo de los fones anteriores entre pacientes I y III. Entre pacientes clases II y III no se observaron diferencias significativas. Se reportan modificaciones y compensaciones cualitativamente distintas entre las clases esqueletales. CONCLUSIONES: en relación a pacientes clase I, los pacientes clase II o III, presentan distinto grado de modificación en el punto de articulación de fones consonánticos. Las diferencias observadas se relacionan con los patrones esqueletales propios de cada clase.
PURPOSE: to determine the consonant phonemes articulation patterns in Chilean skeletal class I, II and III Spanish speakers and compare their phonetic differences. METHODS: fifty-four skeletal class I, II and III subjects were selected, based on intraoral clinical examination and Ricketts cephalometric analysis, constituting the study groups. A standardized phonoarticulatory test was applied to each patient to determine the modified phonemes and their compensatory patterns. RESULTS: the findings indicate changes in articulation in all three groups. Significant differences were found in anterior and medium phonemes between skeletal class I and II and only in the anterior phonemes between skeletal class I and III. There were no significant differences between II and III skeletal groups. Qualitatively different modifications and compensations between skeletal classes are reported. CONCLUSION: different degree of modification in consonant phonemes articulation is shown in class II and III patients when compared to class I skeletal subjects. These differences are related to the skeletal patterns.
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