This study investigated the effect of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with poultry by-product meal (PBM) in grower-finisher diets on pig feeding, growth performance, carcass yield and meat quality. The ...replacement levels were increased from no PBM (PBM0) to 37 g/kg PBM (PBM37), 85 g/kg PBM (PM85) and 111 g/kg PBM (PBM111). All diets met or exceeded nutrient requirements for pigs between 20 – 100 kg live weight (NRC, 2012). Sixty-four entire males (PIC 337 x PIC Camborough 42), at an average live weight (LW) of 27.60 ± 2.48 kg (mean ±SD) were blocked by LW and randomly assigned to 8 pens, with each diet replicated across 2 pens. Pigs had ad libitum access to diets via electronic feeders until they reached approximately 100 kg LW, at which time they were slaughtered. Results showed no significant effect of replacing SBM with PBM on pig feeding behavior parameters and the majority of pig growth performance, carcass yield, and meat quality traits, with the exception of higher feed conversion ratio (FCR) in pigs fed the PBM37 diet. Loin muscles from the group fed the PBM111 diet had significantly lower ultimate pH and a greater cooking loss than the other treatments (P < 0.05). Loin muscles from pigs fed high levels of PBM (PBM85 and PBM111) had greater ash content than those fed the PBM37 and control diets (P = 0.001). Overall, the present research indicated that PBM could be a viable primary protein source in diets for growing-finishing pigs, as it did not appear to have any adverse effects on pig feeding behavior, growth performance and meat quality. In addition, PBM is potentially a good source of calcium and phosphorus for growing–finishing pigs. However, due to the variation in quality and composition of available PBM, it is essential to measure nutritional composition before including PBM in diets for growing-finishing pigs.
•Soybean Meal (SBM) was replaced by Poultry By-product Meal (PBM) in pig diets.•PBM did not affect feeding behavior or growth performance.•PBM had no negative effect on meat quality traits.•PBM could be used as a protein source in growing-finishing pig diets.
Background Transumbilical single incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) has made its initial forays into clinical minimally invasive surgery. SILS combines in part the cosmetic advantage and decrease ...parietal trauma of natural orifice surgery, but allow operative realization with standard and validated laparoscopic instruments. We report here the first clinical transumbilical SILS sigmoidectomy for benign disease.
Method Preliminary experience with transumbilical single incision laparoscopic surgery (or embryonic natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery) sigmoidectomy in a female patient (34 years, BMI 22 kg/m2) with sigmoid stenosis caused by nodular endometriosis was reported. Transumbilical SILS treatment of pelvic endometriosis was performed during the same operation through cauterization.
Results Transumbilical single incision laparoscopic sigmoidectomy was feasible with conventional laparoscopic instruments. The combined uses of straight and articulated laparoscopic instruments allow the avoidance of transparietal sling suture for exposition. Operative time for sigmoidectomy and endometriosis therapy was 125 min. No intra‐operative or postoperative complications were recorded. SILS achieved excellent cosmetic results and may be associated with accelerated recovery.
Conclusion Transumbilical single incision laparoscopic sigmoidectomy is feasible by experienced laparoscopic surgeons using conventional laparoscopic instruments and staplers. The combined uses of strait and articulated instruments allow transumbilical SILS sigmoidectomy without the need for additional incision or transparietal sling suture. SILS sigmoidectomy may have the clinical advantage over NOTES of offering the safety of laparoscopic colectomy and the avoidance of vaginal access. It has to be determined if SILS offers benefit to the patient, except in cosmesis, compared with standard laparoscopic sigmoidectomy.
Turbulence in hot magnetized plasmas is shown to generate permeable localized transport barriers that globally organize into the so-called "ExB staircase" G. Dif-Pradalier et al., Phys. Rev. E, 82, ...025401(R) (2010). Its domain of existence and dependence with key plasma parameters is discussed theoretically. Based on these predictions, staircases are observed experimentally in the Tore Supra tokamak by means of high-resolution fast-sweeping X-mode reflectometry. This observation strongly emphasizes the critical role of mesoscale self-organization in plasma turbulence and may have far-reaching consequences for turbulent transport models and their validation.
•Lucerne diet reduced feed intake, feeding rate and weigh gain.•Lucerne diet increased feed efficiency.•Lucerne manipulable material did not affect pig growth performance but behaviour.•Lucerne ...manipulable material reduced pig resting time, increased exploration.•No interactions between lucerne diet and manipulation on the studied traits.
This research investigated the effects of including lucerne in a diet and as manipulable enrichment material on growing-finishing pig growth performance and behaviour. Forty-eight intact male Duroc × (Large White × Landrace) pigs with an initial live weight (LW) of 26.4 ± 2.32 kg (mean ± SD) were blocked by LW and randomly assigned to two dietary treatments (control vs lucerne), and two manipulable material treatments (without and with lucerne chaff for manipulable material). The barley and soybean meal-based control diet was formulated according to a commercial standard, while the lucerne diet replaced 100 g/kg of the barley and soybean oil in the control diet with lucerne chaff. The diets were formulated to have the same amount of digestible energy and apparent ileal digestible lysine. Manipulable material (lucerne chaff) was provided daily at 100 g/pig. Pigs had ad libitum access to diets via electronic feeders until they reached approximately 90 kg LW, at which time they were slaughtered. There were no interactions between dietary treatment and provision of manipulable material on pig production and behaviour. Feeding the lucerne diet reduced average daily feed intake, LW gain, feed intake per feeder visit, and feeding rate, but increased feed efficiency (P < 0.05). Access to manipulable material did not affect any growth traits, but the number of feeder visits per day was greater and the duration of visits to the feeder was lower in pigs that had access to lucerne chaff (P < 0.001). Compared to the other groups, pigs that consumed the lucerne diet or had access to manipulable material rested for a shorter duration but engaged in more social interactions and exploration behaviour. In conclusion, including 10% lucerne in growing-finishing diets improved feed efficiency and lucerne chaff appears to be an attractive enrichment source to pigs.
The coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) and ileal digestible contents (IDC) of nutrients of 56 diets using 10 feed ingredients were measured in broilers (21–24 d post-hatch). Diets ...contained varying inclusion levels of traditional and non-traditional ingredients and differed widely in chemical composition. The chemical composition and in vivo digestibility values were used to establish prediction equations for CAID and IDC of nutrients using stepwise multiple regression. The strength and accuracy of the developed equations were evaluated by root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient of determination (R2), adjusted R2 (adj. R2), and Akaikie’s Information Criteria (AIC). The bootstrap method was used to validate the choice of variables by stepwise selection method in the original equation based on their frequencies of selection. Selection of variables was validated if the variables that appear in the original stepwise model were selected in more than 30% of the 1000 bootstrap samples. A close agreement between the original equations and bootstrap resampling was observed for CAID of nitrogen (N) and energy and IDC of energy, starch, and calcium (Ca). Additionally, the original data was subjected to another run of stepwise regression analysis using the selected variables by bootstrapping. The initial regression showed that the CAID of N and energy was highly dependent on crude fibre (CF) and energy contents of the diets. The CAID of energy can be predicted (R2 = 0.89 and RMSE = 0.035) by CF, gross energy (GE), CF2, and starch-to-CF ratio (starch:CF). Calcium content had a positive influence, while phosphorus (P) content had a negative influence on the prediction of CAID of fat. The main variable to predict CAID and IDC of most nutrients was the dietary CF content. Based on the lowest RMSE and AIC, the best predictors for IDC of N were ash, N, fat, CF, CF2, and starch:CF, while the best predictors for IDC of energy were CF, GE, CF2, and starch:CF. The results of the original stepwise regression models and the stepwise regression with the selected variables from the bootstrap results for CAID of N, energy, fat, and DM, as well as IDC of energy, starch, and Ca, were the same with no differences in R2, Adj. R2, RMSE, and AIC. This method can be useful for developing stable and reproducible models using stepwise regression. However, an external validation is needed to confirm the use of these equations in commercial settings.
•Apparent ileal digestibility and digestible content of nutrients can be predicted by the diet gross chemical composition.•Bootstrapping provides more insights to the variable selection procedure in stepwise regression.•External validation is necessary to use the prediction equations in commercial settings.
The objective of the study that is presented herein was to determine the true ileal calcium (Ca) digestibility in meat and bone meal (MBM) for broiler chickens using the direct method. Four MBM ...samples (coded as MBM-1, MBM-2, MBM-3 and MBM-4) were obtained and analyzed for nutrient composition, particle size distribution and bone to soft tissue ratio. The Ca concentrations of MBM-1, MBM-2, MBM-3 and MBM-4 were determined to be 71, 118, 114 and 81 g/kg, respectively. The corresponding geometric mean particle diameters and bone to soft tissue ratios were 0.866, 0.622, 0.875 and 0.781 mm, and 1:1.49, 1:0.98, 1:0.92 and 1:1.35, respectively. Five experimental diets, including four diets with similar Ca concentration (8.3 g/kg) from each MBM and a Ca and phosphorus-free diet, were developed. Meat and bone meal served as the sole source of Ca in the MBM diets. Titanium dioxide (3 g/kg) was incorporated in all diets as an indigestible marker. Each experimental diet was randomly allotted to six replicate cages (eight birds per cage) and offered from d 28 to 31 post-hatch. Apparent ileal Ca digestibility was calculated by the indicator method and corrected for ileal endogenous Ca losses to determine the true ileal Ca digestibility. Ileal endogenous Ca losses were determined to be 88 mg/kg dry matter intake. True ileal Ca digestibility coefficients of MBM-1, MBM-2, MBM-3 and MBM-4 were determined to be 0.560, 0.446, 0.517 and 0.413, respectively. True Ca digestibility of MBM-1 was higher (P < 0.05) than MBM-2 and MBM-4 but similar (P > 0.05) to that of MBM-3. True Ca digestibility of MBM-2 was similar (P > 0.05) to MBM-3 and MBM-4, while that of MBM-3 was higher (P < 0.05) than MBM-4. These results demonstrated that the direct method can be used for the determination of true Ca digestibility in feed ingredients and that Ca in MBM is not highly available as often assumed. The variability in true Ca digestibility of MBM samples could not be attributed to Ca content, percentage bones or particle size.
Aims/hypothesis We assessed the heterogeneity of insulin secretion from human isolated beta cells and its regulation by cell-to-cell contacts. Methods Insulin secretion from single and paired cells ...was assessed by a reverse haemolytic plaque assay. The percentage of plaque-forming cells, the mean plaque area and the total plaque development were evaluated after 1 h of stimulation with different secretagogues. Results Not all beta cells were surrounded by a haemolytic plaque under all conditions tested. A small fraction of the beta cell population (20%) secreted more than 90% and 70% of total insulin at 2.2 and 22.2 mmol/l glucose, respectively. Plaque-forming cells, mean plaque area and total plaque development were increased at 12.2 and 22.2 compared with 2.2 mmol/l glucose. Insulin secretion of single beta cells was similar at 12.2 and 22.2 mmol/l glucose. Insulin secretion of beta cell pairs was increased compared with that of single beta cells and was higher at 22.2 than at 12.2 mmol/l glucose. Insulin secretion of beta cells in contact with alpha cells was also increased compared with single beta cells, but was similar at 22.2 compared with 12.2 mmol/l glucose. Delta and other non-beta cells did not increase insulin secretion of contacting beta cells compared with that of single beta cells. Differences in insulin secretion between 22.2 and 12.2 mmol/l glucose were observed in murine but not in human islets. Conclusions/interpretation Human beta cells are highly heterogeneous in terms of insulin secretion so that a small fraction of beta cells contributes to the majority of insulin secreted. Homologous and heterologous intercellular contacts have a significant impact on insulin secretion and this could be related to the particular architecture of human islets.
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