The timing of the development of specific adaptive immunity after natural SARS-CoV-2 infection, and its relevance in clinical outcome, has not been characterized in depth. Description of the ...long-term maintenance of both cellular and humoral responses elicited by real-world anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is still scarce. Here we aimed to understand the development of optimal protective responses after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. We performed an early, longitudinal study of S1-, M- and N-specific IFN-γ and IL-2 T cell immunity and anti-S total and neutralizing antibodies in 88 mild, moderate or severe acute COVID-19 patients. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2-specific adaptive immunity was also analysed in 234 COVID-19 recovered subjects, 28 uninfected BNT162b2-vaccinees and 30 uninfected healthy controls. Upon natural infection, cellular and humoral responses were early and coordinated in mild patients, while weak and inconsistent in severe patients. The S1-specific cellular response measured at hospital arrival was an independent predictive factor against severity. In COVID-19 recovered patients, four to seven months post-infection, cellular immunity was maintained but antibodies and neutralization capacity declined. Finally, a robust Th1-driven immune response was developed in uninfected BNT162b2-vaccinees. Three months post-vaccination, the cellular response was comparable, while the humoral response was consistently stronger, to that measured in COVID-19 recovered patients. Thus, measurement of both humoral and cellular responses provides information on prognosis and protection from infection, which may add value for individual and public health recommendations.
SARS-CoV-2 vaccination has proven the most effective measure to control the COVID-19 pandemic. Booster doses are being administered with limited knowledge on their need and effect on immunity.
To ...determine the duration of specific T cells, antibodies and neutralization after 2-dose vaccination, to assess the effect of a third dose on adaptive immunity and to explore correlates of protection against breakthrough infection.
12-month longitudinal assessment of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells, IgG and neutralizing antibodies triggered by 2 BNT162b2 doses followed by a third mRNA-1273 dose in a cohort of 77 healthcare workers: 17 with SARS-CoV-2 infection prior to vaccination (recovered) and 60 naïve.
Peak levels of cellular and humoral response were achieved 2 weeks after the second dose. Antibodies declined thereafter while T cells reached a plateau 3 months after vaccination. The decline in neutralization was specially marked in naïve individuals and it was this group who benefited most from the third dose, which resulted in a 20.9-fold increase in neutralization. Overall, recovered individuals maintained higher levels of T cells, antibodies and neutralization 1 to 6 months post-vaccination than naïve. Seventeen asymptomatic or mild SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections were reported during follow-up, only in naïve individuals. This viral exposure boosted adaptive immunity. High peak levels of T cells and neutralizing antibodies 15 days post-vaccination associated with protection from breakthrough infections.
Booster vaccination in naïve individuals and the inclusion of viral antigens other than spike in future vaccine formulations could be useful strategies to prevent SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections.
Background
The relationship between cardiovascular factors and death can vary with age, very few studies have examined metabolic syndrome in the elderly.
Objective
The aim of this study is to assess ...the prevalence of the MS in a sample of elderly institutionalized patients (>65 years) using ATPIII and IDF definitions.
Design
This was a cross-sectional survey covering a sample of representative of the institutionalized Spanish population aged above 65 years. The final sample study consisted of 862 patients, 556 females and 306 males. ATPIII and IDF definitions were used to classify the patients.
Results
Prevalence of MS was different according to the two definitions used. When the IDF definition was applied, total prevalence was 48.91% (CI95%:43.47–50.25), while prevalence according to ATPIII criteria was 46.80% (CI= 43.47–50.25). a higher prevalence of MS was found in females as compared to males. Using IDF criteria, odds ratio was 1.9 (CI95%:1.4–2.6) and 1.7 (CI95%:1.2–2.2) according to ATPIII criteria. a steady decrease is seen in MS prevalence as the age of patients increases (the last two groups (85–94 ys and >95ys), both for the ATP III and the IDF definitions.
Conclusion
A higher prevalence of MS in this elderly population as compared to general population was observed. A decrease of this prevalence above 95 years was detected.
This study shows the results obtained by analyzing data on class attendance and its influence on student performance in Electronics courses of the Telecommunications and Industrial Automation degrees ...at the University of Alcalá (UAH). The data correspond to the second-year courses of these degrees taught at the Polytechnic School (EPS). The results specifically quantify the expected improvement in the passing percentage and the average student grade as class attendance increases. Additionally, we illustrate the results obtained by carrying out surveys in these same courses on the approach that students follow to study these courses. The findings obtained are used explicitly as a motivational tool for students and as support in teaching work.
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