This paper explores the technical and economic characteristics of an accelerated energy transition to 2050, using new datasets for renewable energy. The analysis indicates that energy efficiency and ...renewable energy technologies are the core elements of that transition, and their synergies are likewise important. Favourable economics, ubiquitous resources, scalable technology, and significant socio-economic benefits underpin such a transition. Renewable energy can supply two-thirds of the total global energy demand, and contribute to the bulk of the greenhouse gas emissions reduction that is needed between now and 2050 for limiting average global surface temperature increase below 2 °C. Enabling policy and regulatory frameworks will need to be adjusted to mobilise the six-fold acceleration of renewables growth that is needed, with the highest growth estimated for wind and solar PV technologies, complemented by a high level of energy efficiency. Still, to ensure the eventual elimination of carbon dioxide emissions will require new technology and innovation, notably for the transport and manufacturing sectors, which remain largely ignored in the international debate. More attention is needed for emerging infrastructure issues such as charging infrastructure and other sector coupling implications.
•Energy-related CO2 emissions increase 6% from 33 Gt in 2015 to 35 Gt in 2050 under current and planned policies.•Emissions need to fall to 9.7 Gt in 2050 for an emissions pathway compatible with the 2 °C target of the Paris Agreement.•Renewable energy and energy efficiency, combined with electrification of end-uses, make up 94% of the emission reductions.•The share of renewable energy in total primary energy supply would rise from 14% in 2015 to 63% in 2050.•To achieve this share an average annual growth rate of 1.4ppt/yr is need - a six-fold increase from recent years rate.•The share of renewable energy in the power sector would increase from 25% in 2015 to 85% in 2050.•To 2050, USD 120 trillion would need to be invested in the energy-system in the REmap energy transition case.•This represents an increase of USD 27 trillion compared to the Reference Case.•The energy transition case results in strong overall economic growth and employment.•Cumulative gain through increased GDP between 2015 and 2050 amounts to USD 52 trillion.•Additional 11.6 million direct and indirect jobs in the energy sector would also result.
Large-scale single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data sets that are produced in different laboratories and at different times contain batch effects that may compromise the integration and ...interpretation of the data. Existing scRNA-seq analysis methods incorrectly assume that the composition of cell populations is either known or identical across batches. We present a strategy for batch correction based on the detection of mutual nearest neighbors (MNNs) in the high-dimensional expression space. Our approach does not rely on predefined or equal population compositions across batches; instead, it requires only that a subset of the population be shared between batches. We demonstrate the superiority of our approach compared with existing methods by using both simulated and real scRNA-seq data sets. Using multiple droplet-based scRNA-seq data sets, we demonstrate that our MNN batch-effect-correction method can be scaled to large numbers of cells.
Immunotherapy for Alzheimer’s disease Morgan, D.
Journal of internal medicine,
January 2011, 2011, 2011-Jan, 20110101, Letnik:
269, Številka:
1
Journal Article, Conference Proceeding
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Morgan D. (Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA) Immunotherapy for Alzheimer’s Disease (Key Symposium). J Intern Med 2011; 269: 54–63.
. In the year1999, a vaccine ...approach was found to reduce amyloid deposits in transgenic mice overproducing the amyloid precursor protein. This was followed closely by demonstrations that vaccines or passive immunotherapy could rescue memory deficits in these mice. Initial human clinical trials revealed apparent autoimmune reactions in a subset of patients, but also some cases of cognitive benefit and amyloid clearance. Further work with passive immunotherapy in mouse models confirmed exceptional clearing abilities of anti‐amyloid antibodies even in older mice. However, in parallel with parenchymal amyloid clearance was the appearance of microhaemorrhages and increased vascular amyloid deposition. Additional clinical trials with passive immunotherapy confirmed occasional appearance of microhaemorrhage and occurrence of vasogenic oedema in some patients, particularly those with the apolipoprotein E4 genotype. Recent data with positron emission tomography demonstrates trial participants passively immunized with anti‐Aß antibodies have reduced signals with amyloid binding ligands after 18 months of therapy. Several anti‐Aß immunotherapies have reached phase 3 testing, and immunotherapy is likely to be the first test of the amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Identifying antibody variants that retain amyloid clearance with fewer adverse reactions remains a major focus of translational research in this area.
Memories are readily distorted. What conditions allow memories to be altered? Converging evidence implicates prediction error, or surprise, as a key mechanism that renders memories malleable. Recent ...reconsolidation studies have used incomplete reminders to elicit prediction error; retrieval cues that partially replicate an encoding experience allow memories to be distorted, updated, and strengthened. Here, we review diverse evidence that incomplete reminders govern human memory updating, ranging from classical conditioning to naturalistic episodes. Through the unifying theme of predictive coding, we discuss evidence from reconsolidation theory and nonmonotonic plasticity. We argue that both animal and human reconsolidation research can benefit from critically examining prediction error and incomplete reminders. These findings bear implications for pathological fear memories, false memories, misinformation, and education.
Past experience drives our expectations about future events. When new information contradicts past experience, memories are updated and possibly distorted.Reconsolidation studies have used incomplete reminders to elicit prediction errors and partially reinstate encoding experiences.Human memory studies have demonstrated that surprising and incomplete reminders influence many types of memory, from simple associations to naturalistic episodes.Incomplete reminders can produce memory distortion, updating, and strengthening. We critically consider how these diverse effects parallel, and sometimes contradict, prediction errors in reinforcement learning.Parametrically modulating the strength of expectation and memory reactivation can cast light on the effects of incomplete reminders. Reconsolidation research at multiple levels of analysis stands to benefit from a critical examination of incomplete reminders.
Hot methane spectra are important in environments ranging from flames to the atmospheres of cool stars and exoplanets. A new spectroscopic line list, 10to10, for ¹²CH ₄ containing almost 10 billion ...transitions is presented. This comprehensive line list covers a broad spectroscopic range and is applicable for temperatures up to 1,500 K. Previous methane data are incomplete, leading to underestimated opacities at short wavelengths and elevated temperatures. Use of 10to10 in models of the bright T4.5 brown dwarf 2MASS 0559-14 leads to significantly better agreement with observations and in studies of the hot Jupiter exoplanet HD 189733b leads to up to a 20-fold increase in methane abundance. It is demonstrated that proper inclusion of the huge increase in hot transitions which are important at elevated temperatures is crucial for accurate characterizations of atmospheres of brown dwarfs and exoplanets, especially when observed in the near-infrared.
To investigate the role of eccentric knee flexor strength, between-limb imbalance and biceps femoris long head (BFlh) fascicle length on the risk of future hamstring strain injury (HSI).
Elite soccer ...players (n=152) from eight different teams participated. Eccentric knee flexor strength during the Nordic hamstring exercise and BFlh fascicle length were assessed at the beginning of preseason. The occurrences of HSIs following this were recorded by the team medical staff. Relative risk (RR) was determined for univariate data, and logistic regression was employed for multivariate data.
Twenty seven new HSIs were reported. Eccentric knee flexor strength below 337 N (RR=4.4; 95% CI 1.1 to 17.5) and possessing BFlh fascicles shorter than 10.56 cm (RR=4.1; 95% CI 1.9 to 8.7) significantly increased the risk of a HSI. Multivariate logistic regression revealed significant effects when combinations of age, history of HSI, eccentric knee flexor strength and BFlh fascicle length were explored. From these analyses the likelihood of a future HSI in older athletes or those with a HSI history was reduced if high levels of eccentric knee flexor strength and longer BFlh fascicles were present.
The presence of short BFlh fascicles and low levels of eccentric knee flexor strength in elite soccer players increases the risk of future HSI. The greater risk of a future HSI in older players or those with a previous HSI is reduced when they have longer BFlh fascicles and high levels of eccentric strength.
Abstract Background The incidence of local recurrence (LR) after conservative surgery for early breast cancer without adjuvant therapy is unacceptably high even with favourable tumours. The aim of ...this study was to examine the effect of adjuvant therapies in tumours with excellent prognostic features. Methods Patients with primary invasive breast cancer <2 cm diameter, grade 1 or good prognosis special type, and node negative, treated by wide local excision (WLE) with clear margins were randomised into a 2 × 2 clinical trial of factorial design with or without radiotherapy and with or without tamoxifen. Trial entry was allowed to either comparison or both. Findings The actuarial breast cancer specific survival in 1135 randomised patients at 10 years was 96%. Analysis by intention to treat showed that LR after WLE was reduced in patients randomised to radiotherapy (RT) (HR 0.37, CI 0.22-0.61 p < 0.001) and to tamoxifen (HR 0.33, CI 0.15 – 0.70 p < 0.004). Actuarial analysis of patients entered into the four-way randomisation showed that LR after WLE alone was 1.9% per annum (PA) versus 0.7% with RT alone and 0.8% with tamoxifen alone. No patient randomised to both adjuvant treatments developed LR. Analysis by treatment received showed LR at 2.2% PA for surgery alone versus 0.8% for either adjuvant radiotherapy or tamoxifen and 0.2% for both treatments. Conclusions Even in these patients with tumours of excellent prognosis, LR after conservative surgery without adjuvant therapy was still very high. This was reduced to a similar extent by either radiotherapy or tamoxifen but to a greater extent by the receipt of both treatments.
Impacts of Salmon on Riparian Plant Diversity Hocking, Morgan D.; Reynolds, John D.
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
03/2011, Letnik:
331, Številka:
6024
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The study of natural gradients in nutrient subsidies between ecosystems allows for predictions of how changes in one system can affect biodiversity in another. We performed a large-scale empirical ...test of the role of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in structuring riparian plant communities. A comparison of 50 watersheds in the remote Great Bear Rainforest of British Columbia's central coast in Canada shows that salmon influence nutrient loading to plants, shifting plant communities toward nutrient-rich species, which in turn decreases plant diversity. These effects are mediated by interactions between salmon density and the physical characteristics of watersheds. Predicting how salmon affect terrestrial ecosystems is central to conservation plans that aim to better integrate ecosystem values into resource management.
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