Intergenerational transmission of abuse processes imply that individuals abused as children are more likely to abuse their own children when they become parents, with similar intergenerational ...patterns observed for parenting styles.
The present study addresses an important gap in the literature regarding the intergenerational cycle, investigating how perceived parenting style history predicts mothers' and fathers' child abuse risk across the transition to parenthood, with particular attention to the role of gender by comparing cross-gender and same-gender grandparent-parent dyads.
The sample is drawn from a four-wave longitudinal study that enrolled 203 families beginning the final trimester of mothers' pregnancy until children were four years old. Parents responded to measures on parenting style history received from both their mothers and fathers as well as measures of their own child abuse risk, parent-child aggression, and personal parenting style.
Mothers demonstrated more same-gender effects, whereas fathers demonstrated more cross-gender effects–both patterns supportive of a tendency to follow maternal influences when considering child abuse risk. With regards to behavior, both mothers' and fathers' reports of parent-children aggression were most influenced by perceived harsh parenting received from their fathers.
Future development of parenting interventions could be more individualized to the participating parent's reported personal history of parenting style and gender.
Incentives for priority of discovery are hypothesized to harm scientific reliability. Here, we evaluate this hypothesis by developing an evolutionary agent-based model of a competitive scientific ...process. We find that rewarding priority of discovery causes populations to culturally evolve towards conducting research with smaller samples. This reduces research reliability and the information value of the average study. Increased start-up costs for setting up single studies and increased payoffs for secondary results (also known as scoop protection) attenuate the negative effects of competition. Furthermore, large rewards for negative results promote the evolution of smaller sample sizes. Our results confirm the logical coherence of scoop protection reforms at several journals. Our results also imply that reforms to increase scientific efficiency, such as rapid journal turnaround times, may produce collateral damage by incentivizing lower-quality research; in contrast, reforms that increase start-up costs, such as pre-registration and registered reports, may generate incentives for higher-quality research.
Background:
Little is known about surgeon agreement and accuracy using arthroscopic evaluation of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tunnel positioning.
Purpose:
To investigate agreement on ACL tunnel ...position evaluated arthroscopically between operating surgeons and reviewing surgeons. We hypothesized that operating and evaluating surgeons would characterize tunnel positions significantly differently.
Study Design:
Controlled laboratory study.
Methods:
Twelve surgeons drilled ACL tunnels on 72 cadaveric knees using transtibial (TT), medial portal (MP), or 2-incision (TI) techniques and then completed a detailed assessment form on tunnel positioning. Then, 3 independent blinded surgeon reviewers each arthroscopically evaluated tunnel position and completed the assessment form. Statistical comparisons of tunnel position evaluation between operating and reviewing surgeons were completed. Three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) scans were performed and compared with arthroscopic assessments. Arthroscopic assessments were compared with CT tunnel location criteria.
Results:
Operating surgeons were significantly more likely to evaluate femoral tunnel position (92.6% vs 69.2%; P = .0054) and femoral back wall thickness as “ideal” compared with reviewing surgeons. Tunnels were judged ideal by reviewing surgeons more often when the TI technique was used compared with the MP and TT techniques. Operating surgeons were more likely to evaluate tibial tunnel position as ideal (95.5% vs 57.1%; P < .0001) and “acceptable” compared with reviewers. The ACL tunnels drilled using the TT technique were least likely to be judged as ideal on the tibia and the femur. Agreement among surgeons and observers was poor for all parameters (κ = −0.0053 to 0.2457). By 3D CT criteria, 88% of femoral tunnels and 78% of tibial tunnels were placed within applied criteria.
Conclusion:
Operating surgeons are more likely to judge their tunnels favorably than observers. However, independent surgeon reviewers appear to be more critical than results of 3D CT imaging measures. When subjectively evaluated arthroscopically, the TT technique yields more subjectively poorly positioned tunnels than the TI and MP techniques. Surgeons do not agree on the ideal placement for single-bundle ACL tunnels.
Clinical Relevance:
This study demonstrates that surgeons do not currently uniformly agree on ideal single-bundle tunnel placement and that the TT technique may yield more poorly placed tunnels.
Locating ‘Family Practices’ Morgan, David H. G.
Sociological research online,
12/2011, Letnik:
16, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The idea of ‘family practices’ is now quite widely used in British family sociology. The aim of this article is to locate this reformulation by looking, firstly, at the term's place within more ...general discussions of practices and, secondly, to explore the implications of a more specific focus on family practices. Through a comparison with some other possible and overlapping approaches, I consider the extent and ways in which the family practices approach successfully goes ‘beyond' more established understandings of family.
Intraocular pressure and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure are important determinants of the trans-laminar pressure gradient which is believed to be important in the pathogenesis of glaucomatous ...optic nerve degeneration. Computational models and finite element calculations of optic nerve head biomechanics have been previously used to predict pressures and stresses in the human optic nerve. The purpose of this report is to morphometrically compare the optic nerve laminar and pia mater structure between humans and dogs, and to use previously reported tissue pressure measurements in the dog optic nerve to estimate individual-specific human optic nerve pressures and pressure gradients. High resolution light microscopy was used to acquire quantitative histological measurements from sagittal sections taken from the middle of the optic nerve in 34 human cadaveric eyes and 10 dog eyes. Parameters measured included the pre-laminar and lamina cribrosa thickness, distance from posterior boundary of lamina cribrosa to inner limiting membrane (ILM), shortest distance between anterior lamina cribrosa surface and subarachnoid space, shortest distance between ILM and inner surface of pia mater in contact with the subarachnoid space and optic nerve diameter. Pia mater thickness in the proximal 4 mm of post-laminar nerve was also determined. There was no significant difference in lamina cribrosa thickness between dog and human eyes (P = 0.356). The distance between the intraocular and subarachnoid space was greater in dogs (P < 0.001). Pia mater thickness was greatest at the termination of subarachnoid space in both species. In humans, pia mater thickness decreased over the proximal 500 μm to reach a constant value of approximately 60 μm. In dogs this decrease occurred over 1000 μm to reach a constant diameter of approximately 30 μm. Using previous measurements of optic nerve pressures and pressure gradients in dogs we estimate that at an IOP of 15 mmHg and a CSF pressure of 0 mmHg the mean pressure difference across the human pia mater will be 4.8 ± 2.2 mmHg. If we assume that the pressure difference between the intraocular space and post-laminar tissue falls across the entire thickness of the human lamina cribrosa then an estimate of the trans-laminar pressure gradient is 2.0 ± 0.8 mmHg/100 μm. If we assume that this pressure difference only occurs across the dense collagenous plates of the posterior lamina cribrosa then a trans-laminar pressure gradient high estimate of 3.3 ± 1.4 mmHg/100 μm is calculated. Changes in tissue pressure gradients in the optic nerve may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of glaucomatous optic neuropathy.
Heavy metals, such as copper, are increasingly supplemented in swine diets as an alternative to antibiotics to promote growth. Enterococci, a common gut commensal, acquire plasmid-borne, transferable ...copper resistance (tcrB) gene-mediated resistance to copper. The plasmid also carried resistance genes to tetracyclines and macrolides. The potential genetic link between copper and antibiotic resistance suggests that copper supplementation may exert a selection pressure for antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, a longitudinal study was conducted to investigate the effects of in-feed copper, chlortetracycline, and tylosin alone or in combination on the selection and co-selection of antimicrobial-resistant enterococci. The study included 240 weaned piglets assigned randomly to 6 dietary treatment groups: control, copper, chlortetracycline, tylosin, copper and chlortetracycline, and copper and tylosin. Feces were collected before (day 0), during (days 7, 14, 21), and after (days 28 and 35) initiating treatment, and enterococcal isolates were obtained from each fecal sample and tested for genotypic and phenotypic resistance to copper and antibiotics. A total of 2592 enterococcal isolates were tested for tcrB by polymerase chain reaction. The overall prevalence of tcrB-positive enterococci was 14.3% (372/2592). Among the tcrB-positive isolates, 331 were Enterococcus faecium and 41 were E. faecalis. All tcrB-positive isolates contained both erm(B) and tet(M) genes. The median minimum inhibitory concentration of copper for tcrB-negative and tcrB-positive enterococci was 6 and 18 mM, respectively. The majority of isolates (95/100) were resistant to multiple antibiotics. In conclusion, supplementing copper or antibiotics alone did not increase copper-resistant enterococci; however, supplementing antibiotics with copper increased the prevalence of the tcrB gene among fecal enterococci of piglets.
To compare the PROMIS Physical Function Computer Adaptive Test (PROMIS PF CAT) to commonly used traditional PF measures for the evaluation of patients with proximal humerus fractures.
Prospective.
...Two Level I trauma centers.
Forty-seven patients older than 60 years with displaced proximal humerus fractures treated between 2006 and 2009.
Evaluation included completion of the PROMIS PF CAT, the Constant Shoulder Score, the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) and the Short Musculoskeletal Functional Assessment (SMFA).
Observed correlations among the administered PF outcome measures.
On average, patients responded to 86 outcome-related items for this study: 4 for the PROMIS PF CAT (range: 4-8 items), 6 for the Constant Shoulder Score, 30 for the DASH, and 46 for the SMFA. Time to complete the PROMIS PF CAT (median completion time = 98 seconds) was significantly less than that for the DASH (median completion time = 336 seconds, P < 0.001) and for the SMFA (median completion time = 482 seconds, P < 0.001). PROMIS PF CAT scores correlated statistically significantly and were of moderate-to-high magnitude with all other PF outcome measure scores administered.
This study suggests using the PROMIS PF CAT as a sole PF outcome measure can yield an assessment of upper extremity function similar to those provided by traditional PF measures, while substantially reducing patient assessment time.
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