Multimodal communication is found in modern discourse types, including textbooks, influencing the attitude and motivation in message interpretation. The paper will explore instances of visual ...metonymy in English textbooks for young learners (grades 1-4) approved by the Ministry of Science and Education in the Republic of Croatia. Metonymy is qualitatively simpler than conceptual metaphor (Rundblad & Annaz, 2010), requires less cognitive effort to process and is, therefore, more salient in textbooks for children. Previous studies (Guijarro, 2015; Littlemore, 2009) indicated its important role in both these fields of authors' interest. The occurrences of visual metonymy in the approved textbooks will be collected, analysed and grouped according to the metonymic target (actions, emotions, occupations, etc.). The results will show which concepts appear most commonly as metonymic targets in the visual form in the textbooks and attempt to determine their appropriateness for the chronological, mental and cognitive age of children. Also, the functions of visual metonymies will be identified.
Politički diskurs današnjice pomno je razrađena vrsta diskursa u kojemu se pojavljuju mnogi jezični oblici koji za cilj nemaju samo prenošenje informacija, već ponekad i mijenjanje stavova i ...mišljenja slušatelja. Eufemizmi su oduvijek dio političkog diskursa, a ovaj rad pokušava rasvijetliti kognitivne mehanizme koji su u pozadini nastanka eufemizama u govorima o ratu dvaju predsjednika SAD-a, bivšeg predsjednika Georgea W. Busha i
sadašnjeg predsjednika Baracka Obame. U većini dostupne literature o eufemizmima metafora i metonimija spominju se kao načini tvorbe eufemizama, a zato što se ove dvije kognitivne i konceptualne pojave već
desetljećima smatraju integriranim dijelovima ljudske misli, zaslužne su za tvorbu većine spomenutih eufemizama, koji su izdvojeni iz govora dvaju predsjednika te podijeljeni u skupine prema temi eufemizacije i kognitivnim mehanizmima koji su u pozadini njihova nastanka – konceptualnoj metonimiji i metafori.
Malo je dostupne literature koja povezuje jezičnu pojavu eufemizma s kognitivnom lingvistikom, a ovaj rad to povezuje i kroz kognitivne mehanizme zaslužne za nastanak eufemizama u govorima o ratu dvaju predsjednika SAD-a rasvjetljuje svrhu i ciljeve njihove uporabe, njihove učinke na stavove i mišljenja slušatelja kroz Fillmoreovu semantičku teoriju okvira, te njezinu kasniju adaptaciju američkom političkom diskursu Georgea Lakoffa.Teme koje su za oba predsjednika SAD-a tabu, neugodne, neprikladno predstavljene ili ih doživljavaju kao prijetnje za svoj obraz su: rat, vojska i vojnici i smrt. Konceptualna metonimija je kognitivni mehanizam koji je prevladavajući u nastanku eufemizama za ove tri najučestalije eufemizirane teme kod oba predsjednika, a slijedi ga konceptualna metonimija.
Politički diskurs današnjice pomno je razrađena vrsta diskursa u kojemu se pojavljuju mnogi jezični oblici koji za cilj nemaju samo prenošenje informacija, već ponekad i mijenjanje stavova i mišljenja slušatelja. Eufemizmi su oduvijek dio političkog diskursa, a ovaj rad pokušava rasvijetliti kognitivne mehanizme koji su u pozadini nastanka eufemizama u govorima o ratu dvaju predsjednika SAD-a, bivšeg predsjednika Georgea W. Busha i
sadašnjeg predsjednika Baracka Obame. U većini dostupne literature o eufemizmima metafora i metonimija spominju se kao načini tvorbe eufemizama, a zato što se ove dvije kognitivne i konceptualne pojave već
desetljećima smatraju integriranim dijelovima ljudske misli, zaslužne su za tvorbu većine spomenutih eufemizama, koji su izdvojeni iz govora dvaju predsjednika te podijeljeni u skupine prema temi eufemizacije i kognitivnim mehanizmima koji su u pozadini njihova nastanka – konceptualnoj metonimiji i metafori.
Malo je dostupne literature koja povezuje jezičnu pojavu eufemizma s kognitivnom lingvistikom, a ovaj rad to povezuje i kroz kognitivne mehanizme zaslužne za nastanak eufemizama u govorima o ratu dvaju predsjednika SAD-a rasvjetljuje svrhu i ciljeve njihove uporabe, njihove učinke na stavove i mišljenja slušatelja kroz Fillmoreovu semantičku teoriju okvira, te njezinu kasniju adaptaciju američkom političkom diskursu Georgea Lakoffa.Teme koje su za oba predsjednika SAD-a tabu, neugodne, neprikladno predstavljene ili ih doživljavaju kao prijetnje za svoj obraz su: rat, vojska i vojnici i smrt. Konceptualna metonimija je kognitivni mehanizam koji je prevladavajući u nastanku eufemizama za ove tri najučestalije eufemizirane teme kod oba predsjednika, a slijedi ga konceptualna metonimija.
Modern political discourse is a carefully elaborated type of discourse containing numerous language forms, whose purpose is not only to transfer information, but also occasionally to change listeners' attitudes and opinions. Euphemisms have always been an inseparable part of political discourse, and this paper attempts to explain cognitive mechanisms underlying the occurrence of euphemisms in speeches on war by two presidents of the USA, the former president George W. Bush and the current president Barack Obama. In the majority of the available resources on euphemism, metaphor and metonymy are listed as devices of euphemism formation, and since these two cognitive and conceptual
phenomena have now for decades been regarded as integrated parts of human thought, they are in charge of the formation of the majority of the mentioned euphemisms that have been extracted from the speeches of the two presidents, and divided into groups according to the topic of euphemisation and cognitive mechanisms underlying their occurrence – conceptual metonymy and metaphor. There is little available literature that links the language phenomenon of euphemisms with cognitive linguistics, and that is precisely the purpose of this paper: to illuminate the purpose and aim of the use of euphemisms in the speeches of the two presidents via cognitive mechanisms in charge of their occurrence, as well as their effects on listeners’ attitudes and opinions, with the help of Fillmore's semantic frame theory, as well as its later adaptation to the American political discourse by George Lakoff. The topics that both presidents consider either taboo, unpleasant, inappropriately presented, or they see them as threats to their face are: war, army and soldiers, and death.
Conceptual metonymy is the cognitive mechanism that is prevailing for these three most commonly euphemised topics in the speeches of both presidents, and it is followed by conceptual metaphor.
Istraživanje smješta Priče iz davnine (1916) Ivane Brlić-Mažuranić u kontekst širega književnoga korpusa, fokusirajući se na pojavu čovječuljaka ili sićušnih ljudi u fikcionalnim tekstovima za djecu. ...Postojanje „svjetova čovječuljaka“ (Lynch-Brown i Tomlinson 2005) primjer je prakse konceptualnoga stapanja na jezičnoj, kulturnoj i semantičkoj razini, koja dolazi do izražaja u tvorbi imena, prostora i značenja. Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić kombinirala je naizgled nespojive koncepte (Fauconnier i Turner 2002), koji pripadaju različitim razinama i slojevima slavenskih i hrvatskih tradicija i mitologija. Takve su kombinacije u Pričama iz davnine ključna mjesta u procesu konceptualnoga međudjelovanja koja pokazuju i dokazuju sposobnost čovječuljaka kao književnih bića da prelaze granice, čime omogućuju stvaranje novih i jedinstvenih kultura i pojmova. Napučene čovječuljcima poput Malika Tintilinića, Priče iz davnine izvanredan su primjer fluidna i prilagodljiva svijeta, usporediva s onima što su ih stvorili Swift, Andersen, Tolkien, Baum, Barrie, Norton, Dr. Seuss ili Dahl. S tim u skladu, konceptualna integracija obilježava jedinstven književni sadržaj i stil izvorne hrvatske mitologije Ivane Brlić-Mažuranić čiji je krajnji rezultat osnaživanje i očaravanje čitatelja od davnina do danas.
Calcifications in the basal ganglia are a common incidental finding and are sometimes inherited as an autosomal dominant trait (idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (IBGC)). Recently, mutations in ...the PDGFRB gene coding for the platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGF-Rβ) were linked to IBGC. Here we identify six families of different ancestry with nonsense and missense mutations in the gene encoding PDGF-B, the main ligand for PDGF-Rβ. We also show that mice carrying hypomorphic Pdgfb alleles develop brain calcifications that show age-related expansion. The occurrence of these calcium depositions depends on the loss of endothelial PDGF-B and correlates with the degree of pericyte and blood-brain barrier deficiency. Thus, our data present a clear link between Pdgfb mutations and brain calcifications in mice, as well as between PDGFB mutations and IBGC in humans.
Over the last few years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have received increasing attention as potential non-invasive diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers for various diseases. The interest in EVs is ...related to their structure and content, as well as to their changing cargo in response to different stimuli. One of the potential areas of use of EVs as biomarkers is the central nervous system (CNS), in particular the brain, because EVs can cross the blood–brain barrier, exist also in peripheral tissues and have a diverse cargo. Thus, they may represent “liquid biopsies” of the CNS that can reflect brain pathophysiology without the need for invasive surgical procedures. Overall, few studies to date have examined EVs in neuropsychiatric disorders, and the present evidence appears to lack reproducibility. This situation might be due to a variety of technical obstacles related to working with EVs, such as the use of different isolation strategies, which results in non-uniform vesicular and molecular outputs. Multi-omics approaches and improvements in the standardization of isolation procedures will allow highly pure EV fractions to be obtained in which the molecular cargo, particularly microRNAs and proteins, can be identified and accurately quantified. Eventually, these advances will enable researchers to decipher disease-relevant molecular signatures of the brain-derived EVs involved in synaptic plasticity, neuronal development, neuro-immune communication, and other related pathways. This narrative review summarizes the findings of studies on EVs in major psychiatric disorders, particularly in the field of biomarkers, and discusses the respective therapeutic potential of EVs.
Purpose
Myocardial healing following myocardial infarction (MI) is a complex process that is yet to be fully understood. Clinical attempts in regeneration of the injured myocardium using cardiac stem ...cells faced major challenges, calling for a better understanding of the processes involved at a more basic level in order to foster translation.
Procedures
We examined the feasibility of volumetric optoacoustic tomography (VOT) in studying healing of the myocardium in different models of MI, including permanent occlusion (PO) of the left coronary artery, temporary occlusion (ischemia-reperfusion—I/R) and infarcted c-kit mutants, a genetic mouse model with impaired cardiac healing. Murine hearts were imaged at 100 Hz frame rate using 800 nm excitation wavelength, corresponding to the peak absorption of indocyanine green (ICG) in plasma and the isosbestic point of haemoglobin.
Results
The non-invasive real-time volumetric imaging capabilities of VOT have allowed the detection of significant variations in the pulmonary transit time (PTT), a parameter affected by MI, across different murine models. Upon intravenous injection of ICG, we were able to track alterations in cardiac perfusion in I/R models, which were absent in wild-type (
wt
) PO or
kit
W
/kit
W-v
PO mice. The
wt-
PO and I/R models further exhibited irregularities in their cardiac cycles.
Conclusions
Clear differences in the PTT, ICG perfusion and cardiac cycle patterns were identified between the different models and days post MI. Overall, the results highlight the unique capacity of VOT for multi-parametric characterization of morphological and functional changes in murine models of MI.
The role of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) in the atmosphere-climate system is the exchange of heat, mass and momentum between ‘the earth’s surface’ and the atmosphere. Traditionally, it is ...understood that turbulent transport is responsible for this exchange and hence the understanding and physical description of the turbulence structure of the boundary layer is key to assess the effectiveness of earth-atmosphere exchange. This understanding is rooted in the (implicit) assumption of a scale separation or spectral gap between turbulence and mean atmospheric motions, which in turn leads to the assumption of a horizontally homogeneous and flat (HHF) surface as a reference, for which both physical understanding and model parameterizations have successfully been developed over the years. Over mountainous terrain, however, the ABL is generically inhomogeneous due to both thermal (radiative) and dynamic forcing. This inhomogeneity leads to meso-scale and even sub-meso-scale flows such as slope and valley winds or wake effects. It is argued here that these (sub)meso-scale motions can significantly contribute to the vertical structure of the boundary layer and hence vertical exchange of heat and mass between the surface and the atmosphere. If model grid resolution is not high enough the latter will have to be parameterized (in a similar fashion as gravity wave drag parameterizations take into account the momentum transport due to gravity waves in large-scale models). In this contribution we summarize the available evidence of the contribution of (sub)meso-scale motions to vertical exchange in mountainous terrain from observational and numerical modeling studies. In particular, a number of recent simulation studies using idealized topography will be summarized and put into perspective – so as to identify possible limitations and areas of necessary future research.
Background
Although periodontitis is associated with disruption of the host‐microbial homeostasis, viruses are currently discussed to influence disease progression. Viral pathogens are recognized by ...Toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐3, which engages a different signaling pathway than other TLRs. This study aimed to investigate the effect of TLR‐3 agonist polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) on the expression of inflammatory markers and bone metabolism proteins by human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) compared with TLR‐2 agonist Pam3CSK4, which mimics the effect of bacterial lipoproteins. To assess potential combined effects of bacterial and viral infections, hPDLSCs response to simultaneous TLR‐2 and TLR‐3 activation was investigated.
Methods
HPDLSCs were stimulated with Poly I:C (0.0001‐1 µg/mL), Pam3CSK4 (1 µg/mL), and their combinations for 24 hours. Gene expression and protein levels of interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐8, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‐1, and osteoprotegerin (OPG) were measured with qPCR and ELISA.
Results
Production of IL‐6, IL‐8, MCP‐1, and OPG was significantly increased by Poly I:C or Pam3CSK4 to a similar extent. The levels of all inflammatory mediators induced by simultaneous stimulation with Poly I:C and Pam3CSK4 were significantly higher compared with single stimuli as well as to their summed response. Gene expression and protein levels of OPG were enhanced by Poly I:C, but by lesser extent than by Pam3CSK4. OPG levels upon simultaneous stimulation with Pam3CSK4 and Poly I:C were significantly lower compared with Pam3CSK4 stimulation alone.
Conclusions
Simultaneous TLR‐2 and TLR‐3 activation synergistically triggers IL‐6, IL‐8, and MCP‐1 production, which was not observed for OPG. These findings suggest that TLR‐3 activation by viral infections might promote periodontitis progression.
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