Despite increasing wildfires, few studies have investigated seasonal water quality responses to wildfire characteristics (e.g., burn severity) across a large number of lakes. We monitored 30 total ...lakes (15 burned, 15 control) monthly following the Greenwood Fire in Minnesota, USA, a lake‐rich region with historically prevalent wildfire. We found increases in median concentrations of total nitrogen (68%), total phosphorus (70%), dissolved organic carbon (127%), total suspended solids (71%), and reduced water clarity (48%) and pH (0.45) in burned lakes. Post‐wildfire responses in drainage lakes were often persistent or cumulative throughout the open‐water season, compared to isolated lakes. Total phosphorus (TP) increased linearly with watershed high‐severity burns, and shoreline high‐severity burns explained more variation in TP than lake morphometry and watershed variables. Post‐wildfire chlorophyll‐a responses were nonsignificant and inconsistent, possibly due to light limitation. Our results suggest that increasing wildfires have significant potential to affect water quality of inland lakes.
Plain Language Summary
Despite increasing wildfire activity, there has been limited research on wildfire effects on lakes. We monitored lake water quality throughout summer 2022 following the 2021 Greenwood Fire in Minnesota, USA, a lake‐rich region where wildfire was historically common. We found that lakes with burned watersheds were more nutrient‐ and carbon‐rich and more acidic and murky. Responses often increased throughout the summer, particularly for lakes with tributaries from burned areas. However, murkier water may have prevented increased nutrients from increasing algae abundance. Water quality responses were greater following burns near lake shorelines and of greater severity, reflecting damage to vegetation and soil. Our results suggest that increasing wildfire under climate change may degrade lake water quality.
Key Points
We observed post‐wildfire increases in nutrients, dissolved organic carbon, sediments, and acidity and reduced water clarity in lakes
Water quality responses were often persistent or cumulative throughout the summer, especially for lakes with tributaries from burned areas
High‐severity and shoreline burns resulted in a nearly two‐fold increase in total phosphorus concentration compared to control lakes
The human dimension of fire regimes on Earth Bowman, David M. J. S.; Balch, Jennifer; Artaxo, Paulo ...
Journal of biogeography,
December 2011, Letnik:
38, Številka:
12
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Humans and their ancestors are unique in being a fire-making species, but 'natural' (i.e. independent of humans) fires have an ancient, geological history on Earth. Natural fires have influenced ...biological evolution and global biogeochemical cycles, making fire integral to the functioning of some biomes. Globally, debate rages about the impact on ecosystems of prehistoric human-set fires, with views ranging from catastrophic to negligible. Understanding of the diversity of human fire regimes on Earth in the past, present and future remains rudimentary. It remains uncertain how humans have caused a departure from ' natural' background levels that vary with climate change. Available evidence shows that modern humans can increase or decrease background levels of natural fire activity by clearing forests, promoting grazing, dispersing plants, altering ignition patterns and actively suppressing fires, thereby causing substantial ecosystem changes and loss of biodiversity. Some of these contemporary fire regimes cause substantial economic disruptions owing to the destruction of infrastructure, degradation of ecosystem services, loss of life, and smoke-related health effects. These episodic disasters help frame negative public attitudes towards landscape fires, despite the need for burning to sustain some ecosystems. Greenhouse gas-induced warming and changes in the hydrological cycle may increase the occurrence of large, severe fires, with potentially significant feedbacks to the Earth system. Improved understanding of human fire regimes demands: (1 ) better data on past and current human influences on fire regimes to enable global comparative analyses, (2) a greater understanding of different cultural traditions of landscape burning and their positive and negative social, economic and ecological effects, and (3) more realistic representations of anthropogenic fire in global vegetation and climate change models. We provide an historical framework to promote understanding of the development and diversification of fire regimes, covering the pre-human period, human domestication of fire, and the subsequent transition from subsistence agriculture to industrial economies. All of these phases still occur on Earth, providing opportunities for comparative research.
Learning to coexist with wildfire Moritz, Max A; Batllori, Enric; Bradstock, Ross A ...
Nature (London),
11/2014, Letnik:
515, Številka:
7525
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The impacts of escalating wildfire in many regions - the lives and homes lost, the expense of suppression and the damage to ecosystem services - necessitate a more sustainable coexistence with ...wildfire. Climate change and continued development on fire-prone landscapes will only compound current problems. Emerging strategies for managing ecosystems and mitigating risks to human communities provide some hope, although greater recognition of their inherent variation and links is crucial. Without a more integrated framework, fire will never operate as a natural ecosystem process, and the impact on society will continue to grow. A more coordinated approach to risk management and land-use planning in these coupled systems is needed.
Productivity is strongly associated with terrestrial species richness patterns, although the mechanisms underpinning such patterns have long been debated. Despite considerable consumption of primary ...productivity by fire, its influence on global diversity has received relatively little study. Here we examine the sensitivity of terrestrial vertebrate biodiversity (amphibians, birds and mammals) to fire, while accounting for other drivers. We analyse global data on terrestrial vertebrate richness, net primary productivity, fire occurrence (fraction of productivity consumed) and additional influences unrelated to productivity (i.e., historical phylogenetic and area effects) on species richness. For birds, fire is associated with higher diversity, rivalling the effects of productivity on richness, and for mammals, fire's positive association with diversity is even stronger than productivity; for amphibians, in contrast, there are few clear associations. Our findings suggest an underappreciated role for fire in the generation of animal species richness and the conservation of global biodiversity.
Our findings reveal that fire has surprisingly strong (positive!) effects on terrestrial vertebrate biodiversity, depending on the taxon, highlighting ecological and/or evolutionary relationships that appear vastly underappreciated. This work also has important implications for the origins and conservation of biodiversity at the global scale.
Losses to life and property from unplanned fires (wildfires) are forecast to increase because of population growth in peri-urban areas and climate change. In response, there have been moves to ...increase fuel reduction--clearing, prescribed burning, biomass removal and grazing--to afford greater protection to peri-urban communities in fire-prone regions. But how effective are these measures? Severe wildfires in southern Australia in 2009 presented a rare opportunity to address this question empirically. We predicted that modifying several fuels could theoretically reduce house loss by 76%-97%, which would translate to considerably fewer wildfire-related deaths. However, maximum levels of fuel reduction are unlikely to be feasible at every house for logistical and environmental reasons. Significant fuel variables in a logistic regression model we selected to predict house loss were (in order of decreasing effect): (1) the cover of trees and shrubs within 40 m of houses, (2) whether trees and shrubs within 40 m of houses was predominantly remnant or planted, (3) the upwind distance from houses to groups of trees or shrubs, (4) the upwind distance from houses to public forested land (irrespective of whether it was managed for nature conservation or logging), (5) the upwind distance from houses to prescribed burning within 5 years, and (6) the number of buildings or structures within 40 m of houses. All fuel treatments were more effective if undertaken closer to houses. For example, 15% fewer houses were destroyed if prescribed burning occurred at the observed minimum distance from houses (0.5 km) rather than the observed mean distance from houses (8.5 km). Our results imply that a shift in emphasis away from broad-scale fuel-reduction to intensive fuel treatments close to property will more effectively mitigate impacts from wildfires on peri-urban communities.
•In California, the effect of climate and land use on fire patterns and structure loss varies from region to region.•In all California regions, structure loss to wildfire is most likely to occur at ...low housing density.•Climate change will likely affect large fire probability in northern California but not in southern California.•Land use patterns are most influential for structure loss patterns overall.•Land use decision-making could limit exposure of structures to wildfire.
Climate and land use patterns are expected to change dramatically in the coming century, raising concern about their effects on wildfire patterns and subsequent impacts to human communities. The relative influence of climate versus land use on fires and their impacts, however, remains unclear, particularly given the substantial geographical variability in fire-prone places like California. We developed a modeling framework to compare the importance of climatic and human variables for explaining fire patterns and structure loss for three diverse California landscapes, then projected future large fire and structure loss probability under two different climate (hot-dry or warm-wet) and two different land use (rural or urban residential growth) scenarios. The relative importance of climate and housing pattern varied across regions and according to fire size or whether the model was for large fires or structure loss. The differing strengths of these relationships, in addition to differences in the nature and magnitude of projected climate or land use change, dictated the extent to which large fires or structure loss were projected to change in the future. Despite this variability, housing and human infrastructure were consistently more responsible for explaining fire ignitions and structure loss probability, whereas climate, topography, and fuel variables were more important for explaining large fire patterns. For all study areas, most structure loss occurred in areas with low housing density (from 0.08 to 2.01 units/ha), and expansion of rural residential land use increased structure loss probability in the future. Regardless of future climate scenario, large fire probability was only projected to increase in the northern and interior parts of the state, whereas climate change had no projected impact on fire probability in southern California. Given the variation in fire-climate relationships and land use effects, policy and management decision-making should be customized for specific geographical regions.
Increased fire frequency has been shown to promote alien plant invasions in the western United States, resulting in persistent vegetation type change. Short interval fires are widely considered to be ...detrimental to reestablishment of shrub species in southern California chaparral, facilitating the invasion of exotic annuals and producing "type conversion". However, supporting evidence for type conversion has largely been at local, site scales and over short post-fire time scales. Type conversion has not been shown to be persistent or widespread in chaparral, and past range improvement studies present evidence that chaparral type conversion may be difficult and a relatively rare phenomenon across the landscape. With the aid of remote sensing data covering coastal southern California and a historical wildfire dataset, the effects of short interval fires (<8 years) on chaparral recovery were evaluated by comparing areas that burned twice to adjacent areas burned only once. Twelve pairs of once- and twice-burned areas were compared using normalized burn ratio (NBR) distributions. Correlations between measures of recovery and explanatory factors (fire history, climate and elevation) were analyzed by linear regression. Reduced vegetation cover was found in some lower elevation areas that were burned twice in short interval fires, where non-sprouting species are more common. However, extensive type conversion of chaparral to grassland was not evident in this study. Most variables, with the exception of elevation, were moderately or poorly correlated with differences in vegetation recovery.
Fire in the Earth System Bowman, David M.J.S; Balch, Jennifer K; Artaxo, Paulo ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
04/2009, Letnik:
324, Številka:
5926
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Fire is a worldwide phenomenon that appears in the geological record soon after the appearance of terrestrial plants. Fire influences global ecosystem patterns and processes, including vegetation ...distribution and structure, the carbon cycle, and climate. Although humans and fire have always coexisted, our capacity to manage fire remains imperfect and may become more difficult in the future as climate change alters fire regimes. This risk is difficult to assess, however, because fires are still poorly represented in global models. Here, we discuss some of the most important issues involved in developing a better understanding of the role of fire in the Earth system.
Understanding ecosystem responses to compound disturbance regimes and the influence of specific sequences of events in determining ecosystem shifts remains a challenge.
We use a modelling framework ...for Mediterranean‐type ecosystems to assess the effects of fire–drought interactions on long‐term vegetation dynamics and to identify disturbance‐driven changes in trait composition (tree seeder vs. tree resprouter prevalence) and ecosystem state (forest vs. non‐forest).
Changes in tree seeder and the tree resprouter dominance show nonlinear, threshold‐type trends over gradients of increasing compound disturbance frequency. Vegetation composition thresholds mostly occur in a narrow range of the compound fire–drought disturbance space. Additionally, trait compositional switches and the likelihood of sudden changes in ecosystem state are promoted by fire‐drought interactions.
Distinct sequences of disturbance events cause vegetation transitions, disrupting ecosystem resilience, even under moderate recurrence of individual disturbances. An extreme drought year followed by one or two large fire events promotes shifts from resprouter‐ to seeder dominance. Contrastingly, a large crown fire followed by an extreme drought promotes changes from seeder to resprouter dominance. This disturbance sequence is also a mechanism strong enough to trigger sudden shifts in ecosystem state (from forest to non‐forest).
Synthesis. Thresholds of change in vegetation composition occur over a narrow range of the modelled gradients of compound fire‐drought recurrence, and the loss of ecosystem resilience is contingent on particular sequences of disturbance events. Overall, our findings highlight that disturbance interactions define the relative location of tipping points in ecosystem state, and that effects and feedbacks of compound disturbance regimes increase the long‐term likelihood of sudden ecosystem shifts and, therefore, uncertainty in predicting vegetation state.
Resum
La resposta dels ecosistemes a règims compostos de pertorbacions, i especialment en relació a seqüències específiques d’esdeveniments, és un repte científic encara per resoldre.
En aquest article utilitzem un model representatiu dels ecosistemes mediterranis per analitzar els efectes de les interaccions foc‐sequera en la dinàmica a llarg termini de la vegetació, identificant canvis en la composició de grans trets funcionals (espècie arbòria rebrotadora versus germinadora) i en l’estat de l’ecosistema (bosc versus no‐bosc) induïts pel règim de pertorbacions.
Les variacions en la dominància de l’estratègia rebrotadora i germinadora mostren tendències no lineals i l’existència de llindars de canvi al llarg de gradients de freqüència de foc i sequera. Aquests llindars de canvi de composició ocorren majoritàriament en un rang limitat del règim compost de les dues pertorbacions, on les interaccions foc‐sequera també promouen canvis d’estat de l’ecosistema (pèrdua de resiliència).
Fins i tot sota recurrències moderades de les dues pertorbacions, hi ha seqüències específiques de foc i sequera que causen transicions composicionals i d’estat de l’ecosistema. Un episodi de sequera extrema seguit de grans incendis (un o dos successos) pot promoure el canvi de dominància de l’estratègia rebrotadora a la germinadora. Per contra, un gran incendi seguit per un episodi de sequera extrema pot promoure el canvi de dominància de l’estratègia germinadora a la rebrotadora. La seqüència ‘foc‐seguit‐de‐sequera’ és un mecanisme prou fort per produir, també, canvis sobtats de bosc a no‐bosc.
Síntesi. Els llindars de canvi de composició de la vegetació ocorren en un rang específic i limitat dels gradients de recurrència del règim compost foc‐sequera, i la pèrdua de resiliència de l’ecosistema és induïda per seqüències específiques d’aquestes pertorbacions. Els nostres resultats mostren que la interacció entre pertorbacions defineix la ubicació dels punts d’inflexió (tipping points) en l’estat de l’ecosistema. Per tant, els efectes i processos de retroalimentació de règims compostos de pertorbacions incrementen la probabilitat de canvis ecosistèmics sobtats i la incertesa en preveure l’estat de la vegetació a llarg termini.
Thresholds of change in vegetation composition occur over a narrow range of the modelled gradients of compound fire‐drought recurrence, and the loss of ecosystem resilience is contingent on particular sequences of disturbance events. Overall, our findings highlight that disturbance interactions define the relative location of tipping points in ecosystem state, and that effects and feedbacks of compound disturbance regimes increase the long‐term likelihood of sudden ecosystem shifts and, therefore, uncertainty in predicting vegetation state.
Aim: Pyrogeographical theory suggests that fire is controlled by spatial gradients in resources to burn (fuel amount) and climatic conditions promoting combustion (fuel moisture). Examining ...trade-offs among these environmental constraints is critical to understanding future fire activity. We evaluate constraints on fire frequency in modern fire records over the entire Mediterranean biome and identify potential shifts in fire activity under an ensemble of global climate projections. Location: The biome encompassing the Mediterranean-type ecosystems (MTEs). Methods: We evaluate potential changes in fire over the 21st century in MTEs based on a standardized global framework. Future fire predictions are generated from statistical fire–climate models driven by ensembles of climate projections under the IPCC A2 emissions scenario depicting warmer–drier and warmer–wetter syndromes. We test the hypothesis that MTEs lie in the transition zone discriminating fuel moisture versus fuel amount as the dominant constraint on fire activity. Results: Fire increases reported in MTEs in recent decades may not continue throughout the century. MTEs occupy a sensitive portion of global fire–climate relationships, especially for precipitation-related variables, leading to highly divergent fire predictions under drier versus wetter syndromes. Warmer–drier conditions could result in decreased fire activity over more than half the Mediterranean biome by 2070-2099, and the opposite is predicted under a warmer–wetter future.MTEs encompass, however, a climate space broad and complex enough to include spatially varied fire responses and potential conversions to non-MTE biomes. Main conclusions: Our results strongly support the existence of both fuel amount and fuel moisture constraints on fire activity and show their geographically variable influence throughout MTEs. Climatic controls on fire occurrence in MTEs lie close to 'tipping points', where relatively small changes in future climates could translate into drastic and divergent shifts in fire activity over the Mediterranean biome, mediated by productivity alterations.
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