In this article we present to the Czech reader for the first time the concept of verticalism or linguistic verticalization as a process of language shift and language change, first introduced by the ...linguists Salmons (2005) and Frey (2013). The theory aims to clearly describe the transition of self-government functions on the community level into the hands of a superior political entity. In our case, we approach it primarily from a sociolinguistic point of view, where the community is represented by a minority language and the specific superior political entity by a majority language. We applied this verticalization theory in a very interesting area: Western Asturian-Leonese languages, Mirandese and Leonese, which are spoken in Portugal and Spain. Although these languages are genetically very closely related, each of them is at a different stage of a co-officialization process, which is involved in determining the degree of verticalization. Field research in the described areas yielded results based on the experience of bilingual speakers as reported in questionnaires and interviews that completed the final picture of the ongoing verticalization process.
The purpose of this article is to describe passive bilingualism and the sociolinguistic si-tuation in the Iberian Peninsula from the current perspective and to analyze the degree of passive ...bilingualism in this environment. In the first part, we introduce the reader to the problematic of passive bilingualism, and we attempt to define it using the contemporary theories made mainly in the field of Germanic languages. The practical part is dedicated to describing the hypothesis and the methodology that we applied when creating the questionnaire. In this part, we also include the demographic data of the respondents who completed the survey. Next is the analysis of the linguistic material, where we analyze: the number of correct and incorrect answers and the determination of success in different parts of the questionnaire; the possible causes of the wrong answer; the general level of passive comprehension in Galician, Catalan, Basque and Portuguese. In the discussion, we summarize, above all, the most important results of the analysis. Finally, we report on the pedagogical possibilities of the used languages.
Bilingualism and multilingualism have long been in the focus of contemporary linguistic research and fieldwork. In the majority of cases, multilingualism has been perceived and thus considered as an ...active competence, which has led to a notable number of studies that focused, for example, on the balanced competence
of two or more languages of one speaker (i.e., a list consisting of pros and cons of multilingual knowledge
etc.). Contrastly, in our article, we aim to process its counterpart which is passive or, in other words, receptive
knowledge. In the case of the Iberian Peninsula, receptive multilingualism has been a common occurrence
since the beginnings of the romanization of this area and therefore could not and should not be classified
as monolingual. The situation has changed dramatically with the introduction and rise of the ideology of monolingual habitus (i.e., one nation calls for one language) which tends to consider multilingualism and
linguistic diversity an obstacle to nation building. From the current perspective, we face pressure from Spanish national language planning, which severely, and to a considerable extent implicitly, limits the functions of
the present minority languages. Our aim, therefore, is to map this diverse reality of current trends and thus
provide a modern overview of this topic.
El bilingüismo y el multilingüismo han estado en el centro de la investigación contemporánea y el trabajo de
de varios campos lingüísticos. En la mayoría de los casos, el multilingüismo se ha percibido y, por lo tanto,
considerado como una competencia activa lo que condujo a una notable cantidad de estudios que se centraron, por ejemplo, en la competencia equilibrada de dos y más idiomas de un hablante, una lista que consiste
en ventajas y desventajas del conocimiento multilingüe, etc. En nuestro artículo, por el contrario, tratamos de
procesar su contraparte que es el conocimiento pasivo o, en otras palabras, receptivo. En el contexto de la Península Ibérica, el multilingüismo receptivo representaba una ocurrencia común desde los comienzos de la
romanización de esta área y, por lo tanto, no puede y no debería clasificarse como monolingüe. La situación
cambió dramáticamente durante la introducción y el surgimiento de la ideología del habitus monolingüe
(una nación exige un idioma) que tiende a considerar el multilingüismo y la diversidad lingüística como un
obstáculo para la construcción de la nación. Desde el punto de vista actual nos enfrentamos a la presión de la
planificación del idioma nacional español que limita severamente, y en gran medida implícitamente, las funciones de las lenguas minoritarias en cuestión. Nuestro objetivo, por lo tanto, es mapear esta realidad diversa
y sobre todo sus tendencias actuales y así proporcionar una visión moderna de este tema.
(in English) The aim of this diploma thesis is to describe the current state of passive bilingualism on the Iberian Peninsula, from the point of view of native monolingual Spanish speakers in contact ...with Galician, Catalan, Basque, and Portuguese langauges. The thesis consists of two parts - theoretical and practical. In the theoretical part, it tries to describe bilingualism, its perception throughout history and other concepts that are directly related to it in a comprehensive way. The key topic which is analysed is, however, receptive/passive bilingualism. For better context, it also focuses on the sociolinguistic development of the (co)official languages of the Iberian Peninsula from a diachronic perspective and, concurrently, language policy involved. In the practical part, it establishes the hypothesis which is later being demonstrated on the results of the original internet survey. Later on, proceeds to comment and evaluate them.
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•Compounds with inserted foscarnet moiety between alkyl chain and choline.•The highest anticandidal activity attained within the group of alkylphosphocholines.•Clinical isolates of ...Acanthamoeba spp. susceptible to alkylphosphocholines.•Relationship between critical micelle concentration and biological activity.
A series of alkylphosphocholines with foscarnet moiety was synthesized. The structure of these zwitterionic amphiphiles was modified in both polar and non-polar parts of surfactant molecule. Investigations of physicochemical properties are represented by the determination of critical micelle concentration, the surface tension value at the cmc and the surface area per surfactant head group utilising surface tension measurements. Hydrodynamic diameter of surfactant micelles was determined using the dynamic light scattering technique. Alkylphosphocholines exhibit significant cytotoxic, anticandidal (Candida albicans) and antiamoebal (Acanthamoeba spp. T4 genotype) activity. The relationship between the structure, physicochemical properties and biological activity of the tested compounds revealed that lipophilicity has a significant influence on biological activity of the investigated surfactants. More lipophilic alkylphosphocholines with octadecyl chains show cytotoxic activity against cancer cells which is higher than that of the compounds with shorter alkyl chains. The opposite situation was observed in case of anticandidal and antiamoebal activity of these surfactants. The most active compounds were found to have pentadecyl chains. The foscarnet analogue of miltefosine C15-PFA-C showed the highest anticandidal activity. The minimum value of anticandidal activity of this compound is 1,4 μM thus representing the highest anticandidal activity found within the group of alkylphosphocholines.
Traversability characteristics of the robot working environment are crucial in planning an efficient path for a robot operating in rough unstructured areas. In the literature, approaches to wheeled ...or tracked robots can be found, but a relatively little attention is given to walking multi-legged robots. Moreover, the existing approaches for terrain traversability assessment seem to be focused on gathering key features from a terrain model acquired from range data or camera image and only occasionally supplemented with proprioceptive sensing that expresses the interaction of the robot with the terrain. This paper addresses the problem of traversability cost evaluation based on proprioceptive sensing for a hexapod walking robot while optimizing different criteria. We present several methods of evaluating the robot-terrain interaction that can be used as a cost function for an assessment of the robot motion that can be utilized in high-level path-planning algorithms.
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