Mitochondrial function is critical in energy metabolism. To fully capture how the mitochondrial function changes in metabolic disorders, we investigated mitochondrial function in liver and muscle of ...animal models mimicking different types and stages of diabetes. Type 1 diabetic mice were induced by streptozotocin (STZ) injection. The db/db mice were used as type 2 diabetic model. High‐fat diet‐induced obese mice represented pre‐diabetic stage of type 2 diabetes. Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) of isolated mitochondria was measured with Clark‐type oxygen electrode. Both in early and late stages of type 1 diabetes, liver mitochondrial OXPHOS increased markedly with complex IV‐dependent OXPHOS being the most prominent. However, ATP, ADP and AMP contents in the tissue did not change. In pre‐diabetes and early stage of type 2 diabetes, liver mitochondrial complex I and II‐dependent OXPHOS increased greatly then declined to almost normal at late stage of type 2 diabetes, among which alteration of complex I‐dependent OXPHOS was the most significant. In contrast, muscle mitochondrial OXPHOS in HFD, early‐stage type 1 and 2 diabetic mice, did not change. In vitro, among inhibitors to each complex, only complex I inhibitor rotenone decreased glucose output in primary hepatocytes without cytotoxicity both in the absence and presence of oleic acid (OA). Rotenone affected cellular energy state and had no effects on cellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production. Taken together, the mitochondrial OXPHOS of liver but not muscle increased in obesity and diabetes, and only complex I inhibition may ameliorate hyperglycaemia via lowering hepatic glucose production.
Achieving white‐light emission, especially white circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) from a single‐phase material is challenging. Herein, a pair of chiral CuI coordination polymers (1‐M and 1‐P) ...have been prepared by the asymmetrical assembly of achiral ligands and Cu2I2 clusters. The compounds display dual emission bands and can be used as single‐phase white‐light phosphors, achieving a “warm”‐white‐light‐emitting diode with an ultra‐high color rendering index (CRI) of 93.4 and an appropriate correlated color temperature (CCT) of 3632 K. Meanwhile, corresponding CPL signals with maximum dissymmetry factor |glum|=8×10−3 have been observed. Hence, intrinsic white‐light emission and CPL have been realized simultaneously in coordination polymers for the first time. This work gains insight into the nature of chiral assembly from achiral units and offers a prospect for the development of single‐phase white‐CPL materials.
A pair of chiral CuI coordination polymers (1‐P/M) were produced from achiral precursors by crystallization‐driven symmetry‐breaking assembly. The enantiomers feature unique helical layered structures and tunable dual‐emission photoluminescence, achieving intrinsic “warm”‐white emitting with an ultra‐high color rendering index (93.4) and circularly polarized luminescence with a remarkable dissymmetry factor (8×10−3) simultaneously.
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are dysregulated in various malignancies and involved in the growth and aggressive phenotypes of cancer cells. Previous studies indicate that lncRNA testis development ...related 1 (TDRG1) plays critical roles in the development of several malignancies. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism underlying TDRG1 contributes to non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that TDRG1 is significantly overregulated in NSCLC tissues and cell lines. Knockdown of TDRG1 inhibits the proliferation and metastatic‐related traits of NSCLC cell in vitro whereas overexpression of TDRG1 causes opposite results. In addition, TDRG1 silencing inhibits the growth and metastatic ability of NSCLC cell in vivo as demonstrated by xenograft tumor model and lung metastasis model. The binding capacity of TDRG1 with miR‐873‐5p is demonstrated by bioinformatics prediction tool and luciferase reporter gene assay. Additional, the rescue experiments indicate that TDRG1 interacts with miR‐873‐5p and its expression is positively associated with the target of miR‐873‐5p, zinc finger e‐box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1). Altogether, lncRNA TDRG1 facilitates the progression of NSCLC via interacting with miR‐873‐5p and positively regulates the expression of ZEB1.
Testis Development Related 1 promotes the metastasis of non–small cell lung cancer cell.
Simultaneous recordings of large populations of neurons in behaving animals allow detailed observation of high-dimensional, complex brain activity. However, experimental approaches often focus on ...singular behavioral paradigms or brain areas. Here, we recorded whole-brain neuronal activity of larval zebrafish presented with a battery of visual stimuli while recording fictive motor output. We identified neurons tuned to each stimulus type and motor output and discovered groups of neurons in the anterior hindbrain that respond to different stimuli eliciting similar behavioral responses. These convergent sensorimotor representations were only weakly correlated to instantaneous motor activity, suggesting that they critically inform, but do not directly generate, behavioral choices. To catalog brain-wide activity beyond explicit sensorimotor processing, we developed an unsupervised clustering technique that organizes neurons into functional groups. These analyses enabled a broad overview of the functional organization of the brain and revealed numerous brain nuclei whose neurons exhibit concerted activity patterns.
•Sensory input drives behavior via distributed circuits in larval zebrafish•Activity from nearly all neurons in the brain was recorded in behaving animals•Convergent representations of diverse visual stimuli inform behavioral choices•Unsupervised clustering reveals patterns of brain-wide functional organization
Chen et al. examine brain-wide functional organization in larval zebrafish under diverse visual stimulus conditions. They systematically characterize neurons related to convergent sensorimotor processing as well as extract concerted brain-wide activity patterns beyond sensorimotor contexts.
Summary
Caterpillar oral secretion (OS) contains active molecules that modulate plant defense signaling. We isolated an effector‐like protein (Highly Accumulated Secretory Protein 1, HAS1) from ...cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) that is the most highly accumulated secretory protein of the nondigestive components in OS and belongs to venom R‐like protein.
Elimination of HAS1 by plant‐mediated RNA interference reduced the suppression of OS on the defense response in plants. Plants expressing HAS1 are more susceptible to insect herbivory accompanied by the reduced expressions of multiple defense genes.
HAS1 binds to the basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factors, including GoPGF involved in pigmented gland formation and defense compounds biosynthesis in cotton and MYC3/MYC4 the main regulators in jasmonate (JA) signaling in Arabidopsis. The binding activity is required for HAS1 to inhibit the activation of bHLHs on plant defense gene expressions.
Together with our previous study that another venom R‐like protein HARP1 in cotton bollworm OS blocks JA signaling by interacting with JASMONATE‐ZIM‐domain repressors, we conclude that the venom R‐like proteins in OS interfere with plant defense in a dual suppression manner. Considering the venom proteins in parasitic wasp assault the immune system of its host animal, our investigation reveals their conserved function in carnivorous and herbivorous insects.
Recent warming over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is approximately twice the global-mean surface temperature increase and poses a threat to the healthy growth of forests. Although many studies have ...focused on whether recent climate warming has caused forest growth decline on the TP, it remains unclear how asymmetric warming, that is faster increasing nighttime temperature than daytime, impacts forest growth decline. We explored this question by using a ring-width index series from 1489 juniper trees (Juniperus prezwalskii and J. tibetica) at 50 sites on the TP. We calculated the percentage of trees with growth decline (PTD) to reconstruct historical forest growth decline and employed a piecewise structural equation meta-model (pSEM) and linear mixed model (LMM) to explore influencing factors. We found that the PTD has decreased since the late 19th century, with an abrupt decreasing trend since the 1980s. Results of the pSEM show that winter minimum temperature has a stronger indirect negative effect on the variation in PTD (β = −0.24, p < 0.05) compared to that of the weak indirect positive effect of summer maximum temperature (β = 0.16, p < 0.05). The results of LMM show that the variation in PTD is directly negatively (p < 0.001) affected by both winter minimum temperature and summer total precipitation, but the former has a greater independent contribution than the latter (with 17.7% vs 2.5% of variances independently explained, respectively). These results suggest that increased winter minimum temperature substantially mitigates the growth decline in juniper forests on the TP. As the minimum temperature generally occurs at night, we conclude that the asymmetric increase in nighttime temperature has decreased the incidence of juniper forest growth decline on the TP under climate warming. This alleviating effect of nighttime warming is likely due to reduced low-temperature constraints and reduced damage to tree growth.
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•Percentage of trees with growth decline (PTD) has decreased since the 1880s.•Both summer moisture and winter low temperature affect the decreased PTD.•Winter low temperature has the strongest indirect effect on the decreased PTD.•Recent stronger nighttime warming could further decrease the PTD.
Black glutinous rice wine (BGRW) is a traditional Chinese rice wine that is brewed using multiple strains. However, the roles of these microorganisms, particularly their contributions to aroma ...formation, are poorly understood. Accordingly, the main goal of this study was to determine the microbial communities and major metabolites of different traditional fermentation starters. Anshun (AS) starter and Xingyi (XY) starter were used for BGRW to provide insight into their potential contributions to the variation in flavor and aroma. High-throughput sequencing of the microbial community using the Illumina MiSeq platform revealed significant differences during fermentation between the two starter groups.
,
, and
were the dominant bacterial genera in the AS group, whereas
,
, and
were the dominant genera in the XY group. In addition,
,
, and
were the predominant fungal genera detected in both samples. The major metabolites in the two groups were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography and headspace-solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of seven organic acids along with 47 (AS) and 43 (XY) volatile metabolites were detected, among which lactic acid was the primary organic acid, and esters were the largest group in both types of wine. Principal components analysis further revealed significant differences in the dynamic succession of metabolites between the two samples. Correlation analysis showed that 22 and 17 microorganisms were strongly correlated with the production of major metabolites in AS and XY, respectively. Among them,
,
,
,
s, and
were shown to play crucial roles in metabolite synthesis. Overall, this study can provide a valuable resource for the further development and utilization of starters to improve the aromatic quality of BGRW.
Herein is reported a novel green process involving natural l-tartaric acid leaching, developed for the sustainable recovery of Mn, Li, Co, and Ni from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Operating ...conditions affecting the leaching efficiencies of Mn, Li, Co, and Ni, including the concentrations of l-tartaric acid (C4H6O6) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), pulp density, temperature, and leaching time, were investigated. The leaching efficiencies were 99.31% for Mn, 99.07% for Li, 98.64% for Co, and 99.31% for Ni under the optimized conditions (4 vol% H2O2, 2 M l-tartaric acid, 17 g/L pulp density, 70 °C, and 30 min). The leaching mechanism was studied preliminarily based on the structure of l-tartaric acid. The kinetics data for the leaching of Mn, Li, Co, and Ni fit best to the shrinking-core model of chemical control. For the first stage, the activation energies (E as) for the leaching of Mn, Li, Co, and Ni were 66.00, 54.03, 58.18, and 73.28 kJ/mol, respectively. For the second stage, the E as for the leaching of Mn, Li, Co, and Ni were 55.68, 53.86, 58.94, and 47.78 kJ/mol, respectively. The proposed hydrometallurgical process was found to be simple, efficient, and environmentally friendly.
The magnon blockade effect in a parity‐time (PT) symmetric‐like three‐mode cavity magnomechanical system involving the magnon–photon and magnon–phonon interactions is investigated. In the broken and ...unbroken PT‐symmetric regions, the second‐order correlation function is calculated analytically and numerically, respectively, and the optimal value of detuning is further determined. By adjusting different system parameters, the different blockade mechanisms are studied and it is found that the perfect magnon blockade effect can be observed under the weak parameter mechanism. This work paves a way to achieve the magnon blockade in experiment.
Based on a parity‐time symmetric‐like three‐mode cavity magnomechanical system, a new type of magnon blockade scheme is proposed. The magnon blockade effect in different blockade mechanisms is discussed. It is found that the perfect magnon blockade effect can be obtained under the weak parameter mechanism. This work paves a way to achieve the magnon blockade in experiment.
•An improved three-dimensional multiphase non-isothermal PEMFC model is established.•The effects of five design parameters of CCL on cell performance are investigated.•Low Pt loading is more likely ...to cause oxygen starvation.•Increase of I/C ratio is better for the uniformity of membrane water distribution.
A comprehensive macroscopic three-dimensional multiphase non-isothermal polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) model coupled with an improved electrochemical kinetics model considering the geometric structure parameters of the cathode catalyst layer (CCL) and oxygen transport process in CCL is developed. The effects of five CCL design parameters are investigated. It is found that the Pt loading of CCL has a significant effect on the performance, a low platinum (Pt) loading is more likely to cause oxygen starvation. The increase of Pt/C ratio can promote the performance significantly at a lower Pt/C ratio. A lower I/C ratio is good for the enhancement of limiting current density, a larger I/C ratio is good for the increase of maximum power density, and the increase in I/C ratio is better for the uniformity of membrane water distribution. With the decrease of carbon particle radius, the oxygen concentration on the Pt surface of CCL increases significantly. The increase of electrochemical specific area (ECSA) of Pt particles can promote the performance. In addition, a discussion on applicability of new correlations of capillary pressure-water saturation and effective diffusivity and their effects on the predicted PEMFC performance is presented.
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