Colombia hosts the second highest amphibian species diversity on Earth, yet its fauna remains poorly studied, especially using molecular genetic techniques. We present the results of the first ...wide-scale DNA barcoding survey of anurans of Colombia, focusing on a transect across the Eastern Cordillera. We surveyed 10 sites between the Magdalena Valley to the west and the eastern foothills of the Eastern Cordillera, sequencing portions of the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) genes for 235 individuals from 52 nominal species. We applied two barcode algorithms, Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery and Refined Single Linkage Analysis, to estimate the number of clusters or "unconfirmed candidate species" supported by DNA barcode data. Our survey included ~7% of the anuran species known from Colombia. While barcoding algorithms differed slightly in the number of clusters identified, between three and ten nominal species may be obscuring candidate species (in some cases, more than one cryptic species per nominal species). Our data suggest that the high elevations of the Eastern Cordillera and the low elevations of the Chicamocha canyon acted as geographic barriers in at least seven nominal species, promoting strong genetic divergences between populations associated with the Eastern Cordillera.
Aim: The frog genus Rheobates (Anura: Aromobatidae) is endemic to mid-elevations in the Colombian Andes. Our aim was to evaluate the role of the northern Andean high peaks and the low Magdalena ...Valley in creating barriers to dispersal and promoting vicariance within Rheobates. Location: Three disjunct mid-elevation flanks of the northern Colombian Andes: the eastern and western flanks of the Eastern Cordillera, separated by high mountain peaks, and the eastern flank of the Central Cordillera, separated from the Eastern Cordillera by the arid Magdalena Valley. Methods: We analysed mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences from 37 individuals of Rheobates to infer their phylogenetic relationships, divergence times and ancestral areas. We used species distribution models to test the role of climatic variables in determining the present geographical boundaries of the species. Results: The phylogeny of Rheobates is largely predicted by geography, with one population from the eastern flank of the Eastern Cordillera sharing a most recent common ancestor with all other Rheobates 21 million years ago (Ma; 95% credible interval 31-10 Ma). Populations in the Central Cordillera were monophyletic, isolated across the Magdalena Valley with a divergence time estimated at 13 Ma (19-7 Ma). We also detected one recent crossing of the Eastern Cordillera, along with unanticipated latitudinal phylogeographical structure within the western flank of the Eastern Cordillera. Environmental niche tests indicated that the Magdalena Valley and the high peaks of the Eastern Cordillera are significant environmental barriers for Rheobates populations. Main conclusions: Diversification in Rheobates coincided with the early Miocene uplift of Colombia's Eastern Cordillera and the hypothesized onset of aridity in the Magdalena Valley during the middle Miocene. Our study offers broad support for the classic mountain orogeny model of vicariant divergence, but suggests that lowland habitat heterogeneity also played a long-term role in promoting vicariance, despite a long history of palaeoclimatic fluctuations.
Background Leishmaniasis, a neglected disease and public health concern, is associated with various factors such as biological, social, economical conditions and climate, increasing the risk of human ...infection. Understanding the population dynamics of the vectors, like Pintomyia longiflocosa, and its relationship with ecological variables is crucial for developing effective strategies to control sand fly populations and combat cutaneous leishmaniasis in a tropical country like Colombia. Methodology Adult sand flies were collected in three different sample locations: outdoor, indoor, and peri-domestic areas in three houses located in the rural settlement of Campoalegre (Huila) between February 2020 and February 2021, using the CDC light traps. The sand fly density was quantified and associated with the sample locations and the sampling months using Analysis of Variance and Pearson correlations. Principal findings In the period of the sample, 98.86% of sand fly collected was identified as Pi. longiflocosa. The density of this species was significantly different between males and females, the latter contributing more to density in all sample locations (P<0.0001). The outdoor was the sample location with the highest and most significative density in this study (70%, P = 0.04). The density of these sand flies is related to the seasonality of Campoalegre, revealing a density peak from February and June to October (P < 0.05). Finally, precipitation is the environmental variable prominently linked to the density pattern, showing a negative correlation with it. Months with the highest precipitations show the lowest values of Pi. longiflocosa abundance. Conclusions/Signicance Our investigation reveals a inverse correlation between precipitation levels and the abundance of Pi. longiflocosa in Campoalegre (Huila), particularly in outdoor areas. This suggests that vector control strategies to periods of reduced precipitation in outdoor settings could offer an effective approach to minimizing cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the region.
Mating and spawning usually take place during the warmer months of the year, although in some areas, mainly in the western Caribbean, the breeding activity is continuous at low reproduction levels ...throughout the year (Avila-Poveda and Baqueiro-Cardenas, 2009; Aldana-Aranda et al., 2014; Boman et al., 2018). ...some populations migrate seasonally from open waters to shallower waters for spawning (Appeldoorn, 1993). Estimates of abundance and density of queen conch were made from diver-based visual surveys along 4 strip-transects of 30 × 8 m. Data collected during observations included georeferencing, depth, habitat type (seagrass habitat is not present on Serrana bank, probably replaced by the ruffled form of Lobophora variegata, see additional details in Sánchez et al., 2005, 2019), zoning regarding conservation, and density of adults and juveniles of the conch estimated as number of individuals per hectare (ind. ha−1). Statistical Analysis and Spatial Description To establish relationships between depth and adult and juvenile densities of the queen conch, Spearman rank correlations were calculated for the five different samplings given the lack of normality of the data (Shapiro Wilk test). ...open areas presented the highest densities of the snail, indicating preliminarily that the definition of conservation areas have not been efficient for the protection of the resource.
El objetivo del presente artículo se orienta hacia una reflexión en torno a las brechas presentes en determinados elementos que tipifican el acceso al agua de la población pobre y la persistencia de ...esa inequidad en Colombia. La metodología y método aplicados favorecen un acercamiento teórico y estadístico donde se aborda el análisis asimétrico de la pobreza, la cobertura de acueducto, el acceso al agua y el impacto nacido en la prestación de un servicio de abastecimiento hídrico inadecuado, todo ello visto en los contextos urbano y rural. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian que el lento desarrollo de la voluntad política para intervenir la problemática se refleja igualmente en el lento avance de las variables que permiten eliminar la brecha de inequidad en cuanto pobreza de 21,8 puntos porcentuales (PP), cobertura del servicio en 47,1 PP y acceso al agua en 44,4 PP. Esto, de alguna manera, se puede entender como una falta de ética social y ambiental desde el quehacer público.
El objetivo del presente artículo se orienta hacia una reflexión en torno a las brechas presentes en determinados elementos que tipifican el acceso al agua de la población pobre y la persistencia de ...esa inequidad en Colombia. La metodología y método aplicados favorecen un acercamiento teórico y estadístico donde se aborda el análisis asimétrico de la pobreza, la cobertura de acueducto, el acceso al agua y el impacto nacido en la prestación de un servicio de abastecimiento hídrico inadecuado, todo ello visto en los contextos urbano y rural. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian que el lento desarrollo de la voluntad política para intervenir la problemática se refleja igualmente en el lento avance de las variables que permiten eliminar la brecha de inequidad en cuanto pobreza de 21,8 puntos porcentuales (PP), cobertura del servicio en 47,1 PP y acceso al agua en 44,4 PP. Esto, de alguna manera, se puede entender como una falta de ética social y ambiental desde el quehacer público.
Colombia hosts the second highest amphibian species diversity on Earth, yet its fauna remains poorly studied, especially using molecular genetic techniques. We present the results of the first ...wide-scale DNA barcoding survey of anurans of Colombia, focusing on a transect across the Eastern Cordillera. We surveyed 10 sites between the Magdalena Valley to the west and the eastern foothills of the Eastern Cordillera, sequencing portions of the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) genes for 235 individuals from 52 nominal species. We applied two barcode algorithms, Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery and Refined Single Linkage Analysis, to estimate the number of clusters or "unconfirmed candidate species" supported by DNA barcode data. Our survey included ~7% of the anuran species known from Colombia. While barcoding algorithms differed slightly in the number of clusters identified, between three and ten nominal species may be obscuring candidate species (in some cases, more than one cryptic species per nominal species). Our data suggest that the high elevations of the Eastern Cordillera and the low elevations of the Chicamocha canyon acted as geographic barriers in at least seven nominal species, promoting strong genetic divergences between populations associated with the Eastern Cordillera.
The aim of this article is geared toward reflection on gaps present in certain elements which define access to water for the poor and the persistence of this inequality in Colombia. The methodology ...applied favor a theoretical method and statistical approach where the asymmetric analysis of poverty is addressed, the coverage of water supply, access to water and impact born in providing an inadequate water supply service, all viewed in the urban and rural contexts. The results show that the slow development of political will to intervene the problem is also reflected in the slow progress of the variables that eliminate the inequality gap as poverty of 21.8 percentage points (PP), service coverage 47.1 PP and access to water at 44.4 PP. This, somehow, can be understood as a lack of social and environmental ethics from public affairs.
O objetivo deste artigo é voltado para a reflexão sobre as lacunas presentes emcertos elementos que definem o acesso à água para os pobres eapersistênciadessadesigualdade na Colômbia. A metodologia e os métodos aplicados, a favor de umaabordagem teórica e estatística, onde a análiseassimétrica da pobreza é abordada, a cobertura de abastecimento de água, acesso à água e impacto nascido na prestação de umserviço de abastecimento de águainadequado, tudo visto em contextos urbanos e rurais. Os resultados mostram que o lento desenvolvimento de vontade política para intervir o problema também se reflete no progresso lento das variáveis que eliminam a lacuna da desigualdade como a pobreza de 21,8 pontos percentuais (pp), a cobertura do serviço 47,1 pp e acesso à águaem 44,4 pp;que de alguma forma tambémpode ser entendida como uma falta de ética social e ambiental doassuntos públicos.
El objetivo del presente artículo se orienta hacia una reflexión en torno a las brechas presentes en determinados elementos que tipifican el acceso al agua de la población pobre y la persistencia de esa inequidad en Colombia. La metodología y método aplicados favorecen un acercamiento teórico y estadístico donde se aborda el análisis asimétrico de la pobreza, la cobertura de acueducto, el acceso al agua y el impacto nacido en la prestación de un servicio de abastecimiento hídrico inadecuado, todo ello visto en los contextos urbano y rural. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian que el lento desarrollo de la voluntad política para intervenir la problemática se refleja igualmente en el lento avance de las variables que permiten eliminar la brecha de inequidad en cuanto pobreza de 21,8 puntos porcentuales (PP), cobertura del servicio en 47,1 PP y acceso al agua en 44,4 PP. Esto, de alguna manera, se puede entender como una falta de ética social y ambiental desde el quehacer público.
The aim of this article is geared toward reflection on gaps present in certain elements which define access to water for the poor and the persistence of this inequality in Colombia. The methodology ...applied favor a theoretical method and statistical approach where the asymmetric analysis of poverty is addressed, the coverage of water supply, access to water and impact born in providing an inadequate water supply service, all viewed in the urban and rural contexts. The results show that the slow development of political will to intervene the problem is also reflected in the slow progress of the variables that eliminate the inequality gap as poverty of 21.8 percentage points (PP), service coverage 47.1 PP and access to water at 44.4 PP. This, somehow, can be understood as a lack of social and environmental ethics from public affairs.
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