About $450bn of the US Troubled Asset Relief Program, the EUR30bn-EUR50bn ($39bn-$65bn) emergency fund being set up in Spain and the UK SLS among others will all have direct exposure, although the ...BoE's scheme is intended to operate as a very long-term repo rather than buying the assets outright. But for the arms of government that are guaranteeing debt issues from banks in programmes worth $1,400bn in the US, EUR820bn in Europe and EUR250bn in the UK, the health and credit worthiness of the banks involved - and hence the extent to which public money is at risk - looks equally tricky. "It is probably the case that most central banks in the long run don't want to be doing this kind of risk management themselves and it is probably not advisable for them to be doing it," he says. "Presumably they did not staff up especially for this, it fell in their laps to some extent." For the BoE, the collateral managers are mainly used to dealing only with UK government bonds. One senior UK official says the BoE has added a couple of extra staff and that external advice has been taken in certain circumstances. The official added there were no derivatives or highly complex deals being accepted, only senior, triple A rated bonds.
The ability of antibody induced by MN and IIIB recombinant gp120 (rgp120) human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccines to bind to oligomeric native and monomeric recombinant HIV-1 envelope ...glycoproteins (rgp120) was measured in 25 uninfected, healthy adult volunteers. A major focus was to evaluate the effect of simultaneous and sequential immunization with vaccines representing different strains of HIV-1 on the ability to broaden cross-reactivity of antibodies against these and other HIV-1 strains. A flow cytometric indirect immunofluorescence assay (FIFA) to detect vaccine-induced antibody to envelope glycoprotein expressed by infected and rgp120-coated target cells was used. MN rgp120 HIV-1 vaccine given alone and coadministered with IIIB rgp120 HIV-1 vaccine elicited antibody which bound to cells infected with HIV-1 sub(MN), HIV-1 sub(IIIB), HIV-1 sub(RF), and HIV-1 sub(SF2). The presence of envelope glycoprotein-binding antibody detected by FIFA correlated to a moderate degree with functional antibody against HIV-1 sub(MN) and HIV-1 sub(IIIB). Priming immunization with IIIB rgp120 HIV-1 vaccine followed by booster injections of MN rgp120 HIV-1 vaccine resulted in increased cross-reactive antibody binding to these and heterologous clade B HIV-1 strains infecting cells. MN rgp120 HIV-1 vaccine given alone was better able to induce cross-reactive antibody to cells infected with heterologous HIV-1 laboratory strains than was IIIB rgp120 HIV-1 vaccine given alone. The vaccines induced binding antibody to rgp120 possessing the amino acid sequence of a clade E HIV-1 strain as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Levels of antibody binding to cells infected with clade B HIV-1 and cells coated with monomeric rgp120 were greater than that induced by HIV-1 sub(IIIB)-based gp160 vaccines in previous studies.
