Too few drug discovery projects generate a marketed drug product, often because preclinical studies fail to predict the clinical experience with a drug candidate. Improving the success of ...preclinical-to-clinical translation is of paramount importance in optimizing the pharmaceutical value chain. Here, we advance the case for a molecular systems approach to crossing the preclinical-to-clinical translational chasm and for metabolomic analysis of readily accessible bodyfluids as a key technology in translational activities.
Bart Ellenbroek – Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Twan Ederveen – N.V. Organon, Oss, The Netherlands
Although it is one of the US' most prevalent conditions, the morbidity and mortality rates for asthma have increased dramatically in recent years. According to the American Lung Association, more ...than 17 million Americans suffer from asthma, making it the 6th-ranking chronic condition in the US. The prevalence rate per thousand persons rose from 34.8 to 56. 8 between 1982 and 1995, an increase of 63.2%. With its increasing prevalence, asthma deaths have risen from 2,598 in 1979 to 5,667 in 1996. Despite its prevalence, the direct medical costs of asthma are a moderate $7.5 billion. Indirect costs, such as lost productivity, add another $3.8 billion , for a total of $11.3 billion dollars.
Patients exhibit a multitude of symptoms that may or may not be allergy related. In this study, we examined the consistency between results obtained by a multiallergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) ...test and frequent use (3 months or more) of prescribed antihistamines.
A retrospective examination of 1-year prescription claims records from January 1, 2000, through December 31, 2000, for 4,643 patients enrolled in a 115,000-member managed care organization who received 1 or more prescriptions for an oral antihistamine (loratadine, fexofenadine, or cetirizine).
A total of 1,343 health plan enrollees who received an oral antihistamine prescription were continuously enrolled during the year 2000 and diagnosed with allergic rhinitis. Of these patients, 246 (18%) consented to a multiallergen- specific IgE test, and 159 patients (64.6%) had a negative IgE test result. A total of 163 patients were classified as frequent antihistamine users (3 or more antihistamine prescriptions), and 101 (62.0%) of these patients had negative test results. Our study demonstrated no relation between prescribed antihistamine use and patient sensitization status.
Only 35.4% of the patients who used an oral antihistamine and were diagnosed with an allergy tested positive to the multiallergen-specific IgE test, and only 38% of the patients with records of frequent antihistamine use and who were diagnosed as allergic tested positive to the multiallergen-specific IgE test. Apparently, there are patients taking medications prescribed for allergic rhinitis who are, in fact, not allergic, which is both wasteful economically and not indicated medically. Additional evaluation may be advisable to support the clinical diagnosis of allergy for patients presenting with allergy-like symptoms who use antihistamines frequently.
Clitics in language contact Muntendam, Antje; Muysken, Pieter
International journal of bilingual education and bilingualism,
07/2022, Letnik:
25, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This commentary focuses on clitics in Spanish and discusses two recent studies that report on clitics in language contact situations: Mayer and Sánchez (2019) on clitics in bilingual Quechua-Spanish ...and bilingual Shipibo-Spanish varieties, and Jiménez-Gaspar, Pires, and Guijarro-Fuentes (2020) on clitics in Catalan and Spanish in contact. We briefly discuss the properties of clitics in Spanish, followed by their role in language variation and contact (i.e. language contact, heritage Spanish, and second language learning). We then comment on the two papers on clitics in language contact, which show how the outcomes of language contact vary across language pairings and contact situations.
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