The evidence that body composition parameters influence multiple cancer outcomes is rapidly expanding. Excess adiposity deposits in muscle tissue, termed myosteatosis, can be detected in CT scans ...through variations in the density of muscle tissues (Hounsfield Units). Patients with similar muscle mass but different amounts of intramuscular adipose infiltration have increased chemotherapy toxicity, time to tumor progression and other adverse outcomes among different cancer types. Our review examines the impact of myosteatosis on overall survival (OS) in patients with cancer.
A systematic search of the literature was conducted on PubMed/ MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL, and EMBASE. Meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effects model. Risk of bias was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality assessment for cohort studies, funnel plot (publication bias), and GRADE summary of findings tool from Cochrane.
A total of 4880 articles were screened from which 40 articles selected, including 21,222 patients. The overall mean proportion of patients with myosteatosis was 48 % (range 11–85 %). Using skeletal muscle density (SMD), patients classified as having myosteatosis had 75 % greater mortality risk compared to non-myosteatosis patients (HR 1.75 95 % CI 1.60–1.92, 40 studies) (p < .00001) (i2 = 62 %). Specifically, myosteatosis was prognostic for worse OS in patients with gynecological, renal, periampullary/pancreatic, hepatocellular, gastroesophageal, and colorectal carcinoma, and lymphomas.
Our analysis of the literature shows that cancer patients with myosteatosis have shorter survival. Our findings suggest that in oncological practice, muscle density assessment is valuable as a prognostic parameter.
Purpose
Breast cancer is the most common cancer and leading cause of cancer death in women. Body composition parameters, especially those related to muscle, have become a growing focus of cancer ...research. In this review, we summarize the literature on breast cancer and muscle parameters as well as combine their outcomes for overall survival (OS), time to tumor progression (TTP), and chemotherapy toxicity in a meta-analysis.
Methods
A systematic search of the literature for randomized controlled trials and observational studies was conducted on MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL, and EMBASE through May 1, 2019. Two reviewers independently searched and selected. Meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effects model. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Newcastle–Ottawa quality assessment for cohorts and GRADE summary of findings tool from Cochrane.
Results
A total of 754 articles were screened from which 6 articles and one abstract were selected. Using skeletal muscle index (SMI), patients classified as sarcopenic had a 68% greater mortality risk compared to non-sarcopenic patients (HR 1.68 95% CI 1.09–2.59, 5 studies) (
p
= .02) (
i
2
= 70%). Low muscle density was not predictive of OS (HR 1.44 95% CI 0.77–2.68, 2 studies) (
p
= .25) (
i
2
= 87%
).
Patients with sarcopenia (56%) had more grade 3–5 toxicity compared to non-sarcopenic (25%) (RR 2.17 95% CI 1.4–3.34, 3 studies) (
p
= .0005) (
i
2
= 0%). TTP was nearly 71 days longer in advanced/metastatic patients classified as non-sarcopenic compared to patients with sarcopenia (MD − 70.75 95% CI − 122.32 to − 19.18) (
p
= .007) (
i
2
= 0%).
Conclusion
Our synthesis of the literature shows that patients with sarcopenia have more severe chemotherapy toxicity as well as shorter OS and TTP, and that low muscle density is prognostic of OS for women with metastatic breast cancer. Our findings suggest that in clinical practice, body composition assessment is valuable as a prognostic parameter in breast cancer.
Background
In the field of exercise oncology, there is a need to quantify the potential benefits of moderate, self-directed physical activity during active treatment. In a pooled analysis of three ...identical single-arm intervention studies, we investigate the association of activity tracker steps with patient-reported toxicities during chemotherapy.
Methods
Women with early breast cancer who were enrolled in the intervention studies reported their symptom severity every 2–3 weeks throughout chemotherapy, and daily steps were documented through a Fitbit activity tracker. Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using Poisson regression models with robust variance. For outcomes significant in unadjusted models, adjusted RRs were calculated controlling for race, age, and education level. Tracker step cut point (high step, low step) was determined by the means. Cumulative incidence functions of moderate, severe, and very severe (MSVS) symptoms were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using a Cox proportional hazard model.
Results
In a sample of 283 women, mean age was 56 years and 76% were White. Mean tracker-documented steps/week were 29,625, with 55% walking below the mean (low step) and 45% above (high step). In multivariable analysis, high step patients had lower risk for fatigue RR 0.83 (0.70, 0.99) (
p
= 0.04), anxiety RR 0.59 (0.42, 0.84) (
p
= 0.003), nausea RR 0.66 (0.46, 0.96) (
p
= 0.03), depression RR 0.59 (0.37, 0.03) (
p
= 0.02), and ≥ 6 MSVS symptoms RR 0.73 (0.54, 1.00) (
p
= 0.05) and had 36% lower risk for dose reductions RR 0.64 (95% CI 0.43, 0.97) (
p
= 0.03).
Conclusion
Self-directed walking at a rate of at least 30,000 steps/week may moderate the severity of treatment side effects during chemotherapy for early breast cancer.
Trial numbers
NCT02167932, NCT02328313, NCT03761706.
Most breast cancer (BC) tumors are early stage and hormone receptor positive, where treatment generally includes adjuvant endocrine treatment (ET). Oncology providers and women about to start ET want ...to know about side effects, including potential weight gain. The aim of this study was a literature review to identify the independent effect of ET on post-diagnosis weight gain. Weight gain is of concern with regard to potential associations with BC recurrence, mortality, and quality of life in survivorship. We conducted a targeted review of the literature. Thirty-eight studies met our inclusion criteria. Patient-reported weight gain ranged widely from 18 to 52 % of patients in Year 1 and from 7 to 55 % in Year 5. Some studies reported categories of weight change: lost weight (9–17 %), stable weight (47–64 %), and gained weight (27–36 %). Most studies comparing ET with placebo or tamoxifen with AI reported no significant difference between the two groups. Wide-ranging and inconsistent results point to the need for further research to clarify annual weight change (loss, gain, stability) from BC diagnosis through 5 years of ET and beyond. There is also a need to explore weight change by type of ET and to explore risk factors for weight gain in women on ET, including tumor type, sociodemographic characteristics, and health behaviors. More specific information is needed to identify high-risk BC patients who could be targeted for weight management interventions.
MA17 showed improved outcomes in postmenopausal women given extended letrozole (LET) after completing 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen.
Exploratory subgroup analyses of disease-free survival (DFS), ...distant DFS (DDFS), overall survival (OS), toxic effects and quality of life (QOL) in MA17 were performed based on menopausal status at breast cancer diagnosis.
At diagnosis, 877 women were premenopausal and 4289 were postmenopausal. Extended LET was significantly better than placebo (PLAC) in DFS for premenopausal hazard ratio (HR) = 0.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.13–0.55; P = 0.0003 and postmenopausal women (HR = 0.67; 95% CI 0.51–0.89; P = 0.006), with greater DFS benefit in those premenopausal (interaction P = 0.03). In adjusted post-unblinding analysis, those who switched from PLAC to LET improved DDFS in premenopausal (HR = 0.15; 95% CI 0.03–0.79; P = 0.02) and postmenopausal women (HR = 0.45; 95% CI 0.22–0.94; P = 0.03).
Extended LET after 5 years of tamoxifen was effective in pre- and postmenopausal women at diagnosis, and significantly better in those premenopausal. Women premenopausal at diagnosis should be considered for extended adjuvant therapy with LET if menopausal after completing tamoxifen.
In September 2010, the Cancer and Aging Research Group, in collaboration with the National Cancer Institute and the National Institute on Aging, conducted the first of three planned conferences to ...discuss research methodology to generate the highest quality research in older adults with cancer and then disseminate these findings among those working in the fields of cancer and aging. Conference speakers discussed the current level of research evidence in geriatric oncology, outlined the current knowledge gaps, and put forth principles for research designs and strategies that would address these gaps within the next 10 years. It was agreed that future oncology research trials that enroll older adults should include: (1) improved standardized geriatric assessment of older oncology patients, (2) substantially enhanced biological assessment of older oncology patients, (3) specific trials for the most vulnerable and/or those older than 75 years, and (4) research infrastructure that specifically targets older adults and substantially strengthened geriatrics and oncology research collaborations. This initial conference laid the foundation for the next two meetings, which will address the research designs and collaborations needed to enhance therapeutic and intervention trials in older adults with cancer.
Background
Advances in breast cancer research are making treatment options increasingly effective and reducing mortality. Body composition is an example of a prognostic tool that can help personalize ...breast cancer treatments and further increase their effectiveness. In this study, we examine the association of several body composition measures with comorbidities, physical function, and quality of life.
Methods
This study is a cross-sectional analysis of 99 women with early breast cancer scheduled for chemotherapy. Univariate regression models were used to identify significant associations of body composition metrics with patient demographics, clinical characteristics, measures of physical function, and patient-reported outcomes (PRO)s. Multivariable modeling was used to evaluate associations adjusted for age.
Results
Median age was 58 (range 24–83), 27% were non-white, and, 47% were obese (≥ 30 kg/m
2
). Increasing age was associated with lower Skeletal Muscle Density (SMD) (
p
= 0.0001), lower Skeletal Muscle Gauge (SMG) (
p
= 0.0005), and higher Visceral Adipose Tissue (VAT) (
p
< 0.0001). In patients with a prolonged Timed Up and Go tests (> 14 s), mean VAT was 57.87 higher (
p
= 0.004), SMD 5.70 lower (
p
= 0.04), and SMG 325.4 lower (
p
= 0.02). For each point of higher performance on the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), VAT decreased 12.24 (
p
= 0.002) and SMD rose 1.22 (
p
= 0.02). In multivariable analysis adjusting for age, the association of TUG > 14 with higher VAT remained significant (
p
= 0.02).
Conclusions
Suboptimal body composition prior to treatment is associated poor physical function and may be an indicator of clinical importance.
Two Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) studies were utilized to determine the efficacy and tolerability of paclitaxel (Taxol) in older patients with metastatic breast cancer.
CALGB 9840 evaluated ...weekly paclitaxel (80 mg/m2) versus paclitaxel every 3 weeks (175 mg/m2); CALGB 9342 evaluated three doses of paclitaxel as follows: 175, 210 and 250 mg/m2 each over 3 h every 3 weeks. Of the 1048 patients, paclitaxel was used first line in 57%. The groups: (i) <55 years (45%), (ii) 55–64 years (29%), and (iii) ≥65 years (26%).
Tumor response was also similar among age groups. First-line therapy (P = 0.0001) and better performance status (PS) (P = 0.018) were significantly related to higher response. Age did not significantly relate to overall survival (OS) or progression-free survival (PFS). First-line therapy, better PS, estrogen receptor positive status and a fewer number of metastatic sites were significantly related to improved OS and PFS. The grade ≥3 toxic effects that increased linearly with age were leucopenia (P = 0.0099), granulocytopenia (P = 0.022), anorexia (P = 0.028), bilirubin elevation (P = 0.0035) and neurotoxicity (P < 0.0001). Patients over 65 years receiving second-line therapy had the shortest time to neurotoxicity.
Older women with breast cancer derive similar efficacy from treatment with paclitaxel as younger women. Older women are at increased risk for specific toxic effects.
Purpose
It is not known whether chemotherapy-related symptom experiences differ between Black and White women with early breast cancer (Stage I–III) receiving current chemotherapy regimens and, in ...turn, influences dose delay, dose reduction, early treatment discontinuation, or hospitalization.
Methods
Patients self-reported their race and provided symptom reports for 17 major side effects throughout chemotherapy. Toxicity and adverse events were analyzed separately for anthracycline and non-anthracycline regimens. Fisher’s exact tests and two-sample t-tests compared baseline patient characteristics. Modified Poisson regression estimated relative risks of moderate, severe, or very severe (MSVS) symptom severity, and chemotherapy-related adverse events.Please check and confirm that the authors and their respective affiliations have been correctly identified and amend if necessary.no changes
Results
In 294 patients accrued between 2014 and 2020, mean age was 58 (SD13) and 23% were Black. For anthracycline-based regimens, the only significant difference in MSVS symptoms was in lymphedema (41% Black vs 20% White,
p
= .04) after controlling for axillary surgery. For non-anthracycline regimens, the only significant difference was MSVS peripheral neuropathy (41% Blacks vs. 23% White) after controlling for taxane type (
p
= .05) and diabetes (
p
= .05). For all other symptoms, severity scores were similar. Dose reduction differed significantly for non-anthracycline regimens (49% Black vs. 25% White,
p
= .01), but not for anthracycline regimens or in dose delay, early treatment discontinuation, or hospitalization for either regimen.
Conclusion
Except for lymphedema and peripheral neuropathy, Black and White patients reported similar symptom severity during adjuvant chemotherapy. Dose reductions in Black patients were more common for non-anthracycline regimens. In this sample, there were minimal differences in patient-reported symptoms and other adverse outcomes in Black versus White patients.
Background
Body composition metrics as predictors of adverse events are a growing area of interest in oncology research. One barrier to the use of these metrics in clinical practice is the lack of ...standardized cut points for identifying patients with at-risk body composition profiles. We examined the association of chemotherapy adverse events with several body composition measures, using alternative cut points from published studies.
Methods
This is a retrospective study of women diagnosed with early breast cancer (EBC). Axial computerized tomography (CT) images from lumbar L3 segments were analyzed for the following body composition measures: myosteatosis (low Skeletal Muscle Density/SMD), sarcopenia (low Skeletal Muscle Index/SMI), and high Visceral Adipose Tissue (VAT). Adverse events during chemotherapy were dose reduction, early treatment discontinuation, and hospitalization. Log-binomial modeling was used to evaluate associations between body composition measures at different cut points with adverse events, adjusting for age, race, Body Mass Index/BMI, and comorbidities. Relative risks were reported as the measure of association.
Results
In a sample of 338 women, mean age was 51, 14% were age 65 or older, 32% were non-white, 40% had obesity (/BMI ≥ 30 kg/m
2
), and mean number of comorbidities was 1.56. In multivariable analysis (MV), all three SMD cut points for myosteatosis had significant associations with total number of adverse events, as well as different cut points having significant associations with either dose reduction, early treatment discontinuation or hospitalization. SMI and VAT were not significant in the MV analysis; however, in some models, age and total comorbidities were significant for adverse events.
Conclusions
Among CT-derived measures of body composition, myosteatosis determined at any of three SMD cut points was associated with total and individual adverse events during chemotherapy for early breast cancer.
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