The smart grid control applications necessitate real-time communication systems with time efficiency for real-time monitoring, measurement, and control. Time-efficient communication systems should ...have the ability to function in severe propagation conditions in smart grid applications. The data/packet communications need to be maintained by synchronized timing and reliability through equally considering the signal deterioration occurrences, which are propagation delay, phase errors and channel conditions. Phase synchronization plays a vital part in the digital smart grid to get precise and real-time control measurement information. IEEE C37.118 and IEC 61850 had implemented for the synchronization communication to measure as well as control the smart grid applications. Both IEEE C37.118 and IEC 61850 experienced a huge propagation and packet delays due to synchronization precision issues. Because of these delays and errors, measurement and monitoring of the smart grid application in real-time is not accurate. Therefore, it has been investigated that the time synchronization in real-time is a critical challenge in smart grid applications, and for this issue, other errors raised consequently. The existing communication systems are designed with the phasor measurement unit (PMU) along with communication protocol IEEE C37.118 and uses the GPS timestamps as the reference clock stamps. The absence of GPS increases the clock offsets, which surely can hamper the synchronization process and the full control measurement system that can be imprecise. Therefore, to reduce this clock offsets, a new algorithm is needed which may consider any alternative reference timestamps rather than GPS. The revolutionary Artificial Intelligence (AI) enables the industrial revolution to provide a significant performance to engineering solutions. Therefore, this article proposed the AI-based Synchronization scheme to mitigate smart grid timing issues. The backpropagation neural network is applied as the AI method that employs the timing estimations and error corrections for the precise performances. The novel AIFS scheme is considered the radio communication functionalities in order to connect the external timing server. The performance of the proposed AIFS scheme is evaluated using a MATLAB-based simulation approach. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme performs better than the existing system.
•Non-recursive phasor estimation method embedded in Simscape Electrical is modelled.•New technique for line fault identification using unwrapped dynamic angles.•Robustness of fault detection ...algorithm is quantified with sensitivity analysis.•Developed algorithm is superior to traditional methods during stress conditions.
Modern power system requires advanced and intelligent sensors-based protection such as a Phasor Measurement Unit that can provide faster, accurate, and real-time data acquisition. The aim is to allow accurate action-based performance for analysts in monitoring the transmission lines so that rapid actions can be taken during abnormal circumstances before the blackout occurs. Among different algorithms, this study focuses on modelling the non-recursive phasor estimation method in a power Simulink environment for a standard test system equipped with a developed algorithm to detect the fault zone. The algorithm includes an index for faulty bus classification based on the positive-sequence voltage measurements of the pre-fault and post-fault conditions, where the bus with a maximum differential percentage is identified as a faulted bus. An important differentiation of this work is that the proposed algorithm can coordinate with all phasor measurement units to accurately determine the faulty line using the index of unwrapped dynamic phase angles. Furthermore, the robustness of the indices is analyzed in the presence of sudden load change, measurement noise, and during nonlinear high-impedance faults. The performance of the comprehensive algorithm is investigated on the IEEE 9-bus and 39-bus standard test systems by applying different faults scenarios, considering several factors such as fault inception angles, line-fault resistance, ground-fault resistance. The comparative studies have shown that the proposed indices can play a significant role in segregating the fault and non-fault conditions, as they are needed to supervise the appropriate relays for enhancing the overall security of the power grid.
With the rapid increase of renewable energy generation worldwide, real‐time information has become essential to manage such assets, especially for systems installed offshore and in remote areas. To ...date, there is no cost‐effective condition monitoring technique that can assess the state of renewable energy sources in real‐time and provide suitable asset management decisions to optimize the utilization of such valuable assets and avoid any full or partial blackout due to unexpected faults. Based on the Internet of Things scheme, this paper represents a new application for the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system to monitor a hybrid system comprising photovoltaic, wind, and battery energy storage systems. Electrical parameters such as voltage, current, and power are monitored in real‐time via the ThingSpeak website. Network operators can control components of the hybrid power system remotely by the proposed SCADA system. The SCADA system is interfaced with the Matlab/Simulink software tool through KEPServerEX client. For cost‐effective design, low‐cost electronic components and Arduino Integrated Development Environment ATMega2560 remote terminal unit are employed to develop a hardware prototype for experimental analysis. Simulation and experimental results attest to the feasibility of the proposed system. Compared with other existing techniques, the developed system features advantages in terms of reliability and cost‐effectiveness.
1.
Based on the Internet of Things scheme, this paper represents a new application for the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system to monitor a hybrid system comprising photovoltaic, wind, and battery energy storage systems.
2.
Electrical parameters such as voltage, current, and power are monitored in real‐time via the ThingSpeak website. Network operators can control components of the hybrid power system remotely by the proposed SCADA system.
3.
The SCADA system is interfaced with the Matlab/Simulink software tool through KEPServerEX client.
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For cost‐effective design, low‐cost electronic components and Arduino integrated development environment ATMega2560 remote terminal unit are employed to develop a hardware prototype for experimental analysis.
Information technology expressively improves remote electricity measurement and monitoring. Integrating Dynamic Thermal Current Rating (DTCR) software packs with the exclusive phasor ...measurement-based Wide Area Measurement (WAM) framework, the remote Transmission Lines (TLs) current rating can be measured. WAM is used for data acquisition from different sensors, and also allows data transmissions and processing for which sensor cloud system (SCS) plays a vital role. DTCR with phasor-measurement based WAM framework is mainly used to analyze and determine the current ratings of overhead TLs using weather condition estimation or prediction methods. However, the recent study suggests that the accuracy of the DTCR has become an issue in the smart grid of Sarawak Energy Berhad (SEB). Hence, this article studies and discusses the relevant models and systems, and then proposes an improved thermal pi (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\pi </tex-math></inline-formula>) model for the transmission line thermal model of DTCR software in WAM Framework. The performance of the improved <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\pi </tex-math></inline-formula> model will be distinguished from the existing thermal model. The weather factors that bring a substantial impact on the current rating is also considered, where the relevant data is monitored via different weather sensors. Besides, this study also focuses on calibrating the DTCR through phasor measurement in the WAM system, as well as the field measured data. All the data is collected from relevant sensors, and a detailed comparative analysis is provided based on the proposed model for the sake of improving the reliability of the system. The performance analysis of the thermal models is evaluated using Matlab software-based numerical analysis.
The importance of image security in the field of medical imaging is challenging. Several research works have been conducted to secure medical healthcare images. Encryption, not risking loss of data, ...is the right solution for image confidentiality. Due to data size limitations, redundancy, and capacity, traditional encryption techniques cannot be applied directly to e-health data, especially when patient data are transferred over the open channels. Therefore, patients may lose the privacy of data contents since images are different from the text because of their two particular factors of loss of data and confidentiality. Researchers have identified such security threats and have proposed several image encryption techniques to mitigate the security problem. However, the study has found that the existing proposed techniques still face application-specific several security problems. Therefore, this paper presents an efficient, lightweight encryption algorithm to develop a secure image encryption technique for the healthcare industry. The proposed lightweight encryption technique employs two permutation techniques to secure medical images. The proposed technique is analyzed, evaluated, and then compared to conventionally encrypted ones in security and execution time. Numerous test images have been used to determine the performance of the proposed algorithm. Several experiments show that the proposed algorithm for image cryptosystems provides better efficiency than conventional techniques.
This paper proposes to enhance the execution requirements of the solar photovoltaic (PV) street lighting system in Kuwait. A strength, weakness, opportunity and threat (SWOT) analysis was performed ...to recognise the elements needed for feasibility analysis followed by analysing the economic and environmental viability. The cost analysis shows that in a year, 18,770,072.56 m
3
of natural gas and 4,939,492.779 gallons of fossil fuel can be saved from the installation. Hence, the cost of lowering carbon dioxide (CO
2
) is directly proportional to the cost of conserved energy resources since emissions from generation stations are reduced by 132,37vc8,406 kg of CO
2
. The payback period of 3 years and price decrease ratio of 13% shows that this system is economically and environmentally viable.
Open defecation contributes to the spread of different feco-oral diseases. Therefore, access to a latrine is strongly recommended, as it considerably reduces the risks. Even though provision of ...latrine facilities alone does not guarantee the desired health benefits, they should be integrated with behavior change. In Ethiopia, efforts have been made to increase the coverage of latrine facilities. However, evidence on how consistently households use it is limited. Most prior studies focused on latrine utilization among households, and limited evidence is available about open defecation practices among households with latrines and associated factors. Thus, this study is critical for developing effective intervention approaches to prevent open defecation among households with latrines.
The aim of this study was to assess the open defecation practice and associated factors among households with latrines in rural communities of Ararso District, Somali Region, Eastern Ethiopia, 2023.
A community-based, cross-sectional study design was employed among households with latrines in the district. A total of 632 households latrines were selected using a systematic sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and an observational checklist. The questionnaire was designed in KoboTool box, Humanitarian Response software, and the data were collected using the Kobo Collect version 2023.2.4 mobile application. The data were downloaded from the server in the Microsoft Excel format for data cleaning before being exported to STATA version 14 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were employed to investigate the relationship between outcome and independent variables. Odd ratios with 95% confidence intervals were utilized to assess the association between the outcome and the predictor variables. A P-value of <0.05 was used as the threshold point for statistical significance.
In this study, the prevalence of open defecation practice among households with latrines was 32.4% (95% CI: 28.1, 35.9). Sex of the household (AOR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.06, 2.4), educational status (AOR = 2.40, 95% CI: 1.08, 5.53), family size (AOR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.22, 2.78), the presence of under-5-year-old children in the house (AOR = 1.84, 95% CI: 1.19, 2.75), the need for latrine maintenance (AOR = 2.37.95% CI: 1.62, 3.48), current status of the latrine (AOR = 2.37, 95% CI: 1.62, 3.48), and latrine cleanness status (being unclean) (AOR = 1.91, 95% CI: 1.29, 2.81) were significantly associated with open defecation practice among households with latrine.
The study concluded that open defecation was significantly practiced by households with latrines. This revealed that the presence of a latrine alone was insufficient to considerably reduce open defecation. To alleviate this problem, the government and health workers, in collaboration with the health bureau, should promote frequent sanitation and hygiene education in the communities.
The Internet of Things (IoT) plays an indispensable role in present-day household electricity management. Nevertheless, practical development of cost-effective intelligent condition monitoring, ...protection, and control techniques for household distribution systems is still a challenging task. This paper is taking one step forward into a practical implementation of such techniques by developing an IoT Smart Household Distribution Board (ISHDB) to monitor and control various household smart appliances. The main function of the developed ISHDB is collecting and storing voltage, current, and power data and presenting them in a user-friendly way. The performance of the developed system is investigated under various residential electrical loads of different energy consumption profiles. In this regard, an Arduino-based working prototype is employed to gather the collected data into the ThingSpeak cloud through a Wi-Fi medium. Blynk mobile application is also implemented to facilitate real-time monitoring by individual consumers. Microprocessor technology is adopted to automate the process, and reduce hardware size and cost. Experimental results show that the developed system can be used effectively for real-time home energy management. It can also be used to detect any abnormal performance of the electrical appliances in real-time through monitoring their individual current and voltage waveforms. A comparison of the developed system and other existing techniques reveals the superiority of the proposed method in terms of the implementation cost and execution time.
In recent times, Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) achieves the capacity and coverage for indoors through the deployment of small cells i.e. femtocells (HeNodeBs). These HeNodeBs are plug-and-play ...Customer Premises Equipment’s which are associated with the internet protocol backhaul to macrocell (macro-eNodeB). The random placement of HeNodeBs deployed in co-channel along with macro-eNodeB is causing severe system performance degradation. Thereby, these HeNodeBs are suggested as the ultimate and the most significant cause of interference in Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple-Access based HetNets due to the restricted co-channel deployment. The CTI in such systems can significantly reduce the throughput, and the outages can rise to the unacceptable limit or extremely high levels. These lead to severe system performance degradation in HetNets. This paper presents a novel HGBBDSA-CTI approach capable of strategically allocate the subcarriers and thereby improves the throughput as well as the outage. The enhanced system performance is able to mitigate CTI issues in HetNets. This paper also analyses the time complexity for the proposed HGBBDSA algorithm and also compares it with the Genetic Algorithm-based Dynamic Subcarrier Allocation (DSA), and Particle Swarm Optimization-based DSA as well. The key target of this study is to allocate the unoccupied subcarriers by sharing among the HeNodeBs. The reason is also to enhance the system performance such as throughput of HeNodeB, the average throughput of HeNodeB Users, and outage. The simulation results show that the proposed HGBBDSA-CTI approach enhances the average throughput (92.05 and 74.44%), throughput (30.50 and 74.34%), and the outage rate reduced to 52.9 and 50.76% compare with the existing approaches. The result also indicates that the proposed HGBBDSA approach has less time complexity than the existing approaches.
In everyday life, electricity is necessary, and proper use is critical. To strengthen home electricity control, the existing systems have been examined over the years. However, the existing PMAS ...method’s error ratio is higher and does not allow for a remote monitoring system. Therefore, this study proposes a smart monitoring and control system (SMACS) for household appliances. The application’s significance is to monitor household appliances’ electricity usage using hardware and the Internet of Things (IoT) methods. The prototype of the proposed system is designed and developed considering Arduino UNO, a liquid crystal display (LCD), an ACS712 current sensor module, relays, and AC sources. The components are selected from the software library, and the simulation results are found the same as the prototype. WiFi module ESP8266 is not included in the design because it is not provided in the system. The data is recorded in cloud storage using Thing-speak. A mobile application (Virtuino) also accesses the data to visualize it through the graphical and numerical display. This study provides users with an easy system to monitor and control household appliances’ power consumption using mobile applications. Results show that the proposed system provides 0.6% current errors for the hairdryer appliance, whereas the existing Power Monitoring and Switching (PMAS) system provides 7.8% current errors.
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