The Dark Energy Survey Data Release 2 Abbott, T. M. C.; Amon, A.; Avila, S. ...
The Astrophysical journal. Supplement series,
08/2021, Letnik:
255, Številka:
2
Journal Article
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Abstract
We present the second public data release of the Dark Energy Survey, DES DR2, based on optical/near-infrared imaging by the Dark Energy Camera mounted on the 4 m Blanco telescope at Cerro ...Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile. DES DR2 consists of reduced single-epoch and coadded images, a source catalog derived from coadded images, and associated data products assembled from 6 yr of DES science operations. This release includes data from the DES wide-area survey covering ∼5000 deg
2
of the southern Galactic cap in five broad photometric bands,
grizY
. DES DR2 has a median delivered point-spread function FWHM of
g
= 1.11″,
r
= 0.95″,
i
= 0.88″,
z
= 0.83″, and
Y
= 0.″90, photometric uniformity with a standard deviation of < 3 mmag with respect to Gaia DR2
G
band, a photometric accuracy of ∼11 mmag, and a median internal astrometric precision of ∼27 mas. The median coadded catalog depth for a 1.″95 diameter aperture at signal-to-noise ratio = 10 is
g
= 24.7,
r
= 24.4,
i
= 23.8,
z
= 23.1, and
Y
= 21.7 mag. DES DR2 includes ∼691 million distinct astronomical objects detected in 10,169 coadded image tiles of size 0.534 deg
2
produced from 76,217 single-epoch images. After a basic quality selection, benchmark galaxy and stellar samples contain 543 million and 145 million objects, respectively. These data are accessible through several interfaces, including interactive image visualization tools, web-based query clients, image cutout servers, and Jupyter notebooks. DES DR2 constitutes the largest photometric data set to date at the achieved depth and photometric precision.
Research Summary
An extensive body of research examines concentration levels (i.e., “mass”) of industry clusters; however, little attention is paid to their dynamics (i.e., “motion”). Understanding ...cluster dynamics is important because how clusters change over time may have implications for firm strategies and outcomes that are not attributable to cluster mass alone. To advance scholarship, we derive a theoretically grounded measure of cluster motion. Applying this measure to data on establishments in the U.S. computer and semiconductor industries, we document the dynamic nature of clusters both within and across regions. We demonstrate that our measure of cluster motion is distinct from cluster mass. Furthermore, we document that regions rarely follow stylized descriptions of cluster life cycles, which underscores the importance of measuring and investigating cluster dynamics.
Managerial Summary
Industry clusters have been considered important for firm strategy due to their influence over organizational processes and outcomes. Therefore, many firms attend closely to how clusters change over time. However, strategy researchers have devoted relatively little attention to cluster dynamics and their implications for firms. In this study, we develop a framework for understanding cluster dynamics, including an empirical technique. We suggest that improved understanding of cluster dynamics may be useful for helping firms make better location decisions and react more appropriately to changes in clusters within which they have an established presence.
ABSTRACT
We present the calibration of the Dark Energy Survey Year 3 (DES Y3) weak lensing (WL) source galaxy redshift distributions n(z) from clustering measurements. In particular, we ...cross-correlate the WL source galaxies sample with redMaGiC galaxies (luminous red galaxies with secure photometric redshifts) and a spectroscopic sample from BOSS/eBOSS to estimate the redshift distribution of the DES sources sample. Two distinct methods for using the clustering statistics are described. The first uses the clustering information independently to estimate the mean redshift of the source galaxies within a redshift window, as done in the DES Y1 analysis. The second method establishes a likelihood of the clustering data as a function of n(z), which can be incorporated into schemes for generating samples of n(z) subject to combined clustering and photometric constraints. Both methods incorporate marginalization over various astrophysical systematics, including magnification and redshift-dependent galaxy-matter bias. We characterize the uncertainties of the methods in simulations; the first method recovers the mean z of tomographic bins to RMS (precision) of ∼0.014. Use of the second method is shown to vastly improve the accuracy of the shape of n(z) derived from photometric data. The two methods are then applied to the DES Y3 data.
Research Summary
We discuss two research design considerations that jointly influence the choice of financial performance metrics in strategy research: (a) expected temporal payoff of the strategic ...choice and (b) source of variation invoked in the research design (i.e., within‐firm vs. between‐firm comparisons). We map existing performance metrics commonly used in the research literature to these considerations, and highlight the lack of performance metrics well suited for the combination of strategies with not‐well‐defined temporal payoffs and within‐firm research designs. To remedy this, we introduce a value partitioning methodology that provides a performance metric we call dynamic value. We apply this methodology and demonstrate how it generates additional insights about how cash holdings affect firm performance.
Managerial Summary
This article introduces the value partitioning methodology for interpreting two distinct elements of stock market valuations: (a) the firm's implied future value from continuing operations in a “steady state” and (b) the market's estimate of dynamic future value associated with the firm's strategic choices or competitive positioning. We describe situations where the latter element is useful for measuring strategy performance. We apply this methodology and demonstrate how it generates additional insights about how cash holdings affect firm performance.
Abstract
Cryopreservation of sperm is a routine technology in many livestock species, but not in swine. Frozen sperm must result in acceptable conception rates and produce 11 to 12 piglets/litter to ...be competitive with traditional cooled semen. The development of an extender that results in high post-thaw sperm quality and acceptable litter size requires the identification of factors that markedly affect post-thaw semen quality. The present study aims to first identify factors in boar sperm cryopreservation that significantly affect post-thaw sperm quality using an efficient, cost-effective, and relatively rapid approach. The Plackett–Burman experimental design is ideal for the screening of factors at their extreme, greatly reducing the amount of time and resources needed for a follow-up, full factorial design. Using commercial semen, a 9-factor, 12-run Plackett–Burman design was used on 10 boars split between 12 treatments. Through this method, glycerol concentration, cooling rate, antioxidant supplementation with GameteGuard (Membrane Protective Technologies, Inc. Fort Collins, CO), and straw size were identified as highly influential factors that affect post-thaw sperm quality. Extender type, starting osmolality, sodium dodecyl sulfate addition, and stepwise addition of glycerol were also influential for some but not all post-thaw sperm parameters (P < 0.05). Equilibration time in the straws before freezing was determined to have no impact on post-thaw sperm quality parameters. Using the Plackett–Burman design, it can be concluded that four of the nine factors warrant detailed investigation in full factorial experiments in the development of boar sperm cryopreservation extenders.
Lay Summary
Freezing of sperm is a routine in many livestock species, but not in pigs, because it results in lower conception in small litter sizes. This study aims to identify factors in pig sperm freezing protocols that affect sperm quality using an efficient and relatively rapid approach. The Plackett–Burman experimental design is one such method used to rapidly screen factors and was the method used for this study. Using commercial pig semen, freezing factors were tested to determine their impact on sperm quality after freezing. Through this method, glycerol concentration (prevents cell damage), cooling rate (speed used to cool sperm to refrigerator temperature), antioxidants, and straw size (straws in which sperm are packaged for freezing) were identified as highly influential factors that affect sperm health. Extender type (the chemical base used to freeze sperm), starting osmolality (the concentration of salts and sugars in a solution), sodium dodecyl sulfate addition (detergent), and stepwise addition of glycerol (to prevent sperm damage) were also influential for some but not all sperm health measures tested. Using the Plackett–Burman design, it can be concluded that four of the nine factors warrant detailed investigation in the development of boar sperm freezing extenders.
Using the Plackett–Burman design, we identified four out of nine factors in the boar sperm cryopreservation procedure that affect cryosurvival. This aids in the identification of factors that should receive prioritized focus in full factorial experiments when developing novel cryopreservation extenders. Aside from the finding in this study, we feel this experimental design may be useful in other areas of animal science as a cost-effective and timely approach to screen variables.
UBE2L3 is associated with increased susceptibility to numerous autoimmune diseases, but the underlying mechanism is unexplained. By using data from a genome-wide association study of systemic lupus ...erythematosus (SLE), we observed a single risk haplotype spanning UBE2L3, consistently aligned across multiple autoimmune diseases, associated with increased UBE2L3 expression in B cells and monocytes. rs140490 in the UBE2L3 promoter region showed the strongest association. UBE2L3 is an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, specially adapted to function with HECT and RING-in-between-RING (RBR) E3 ligases, including HOIL-1 and HOIP, components of the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC). Our data demonstrate that UBE2L3 is the preferred E2 conjugating enzyme for LUBAC in vivo, and UBE2L3 is essential for LUBAC-mediated activation of NF-κB. By accurately quantifying NF-κB translocation in primary human cells from healthy individuals stratified by rs140490 genotype, we observed that the autoimmune disease risk UBE2L3 genotype was correlated with basal NF-κB activation in unstimulated B cells and monocytes and regulated the sensitivity of NF-κB to CD40 stimulation in B cells and TNF stimulation in monocytes. The UBE2L3 risk allele correlated with increased circulating plasmablast and plasma cell numbers in SLE individuals, consistent with substantially elevated UBE2L3 protein levels in plasmablasts and plasma cells. These results identify key immunological consequences of the UBE2L3 autoimmune risk haplotype and highlight an important role for UBE2L3 in plasmablast and plasma cell development.
Research Summary
To grow, startup ventures often require the skills of professional managers familiar with running larger organizations. However, risk considerations may discourage such candidates ...from departing high‐paying, stable jobs. Interpreting the manager's decision within a household holding a “portfolio” of jobs, we hypothesize that having a spouse whose career is prioritized mitigates risk as a barrier to joining a startup. Survey data corroborate that both men and women with a career‐prioritized spouse are less likely to report risk as a barrier. However, having a career‐prioritized spouse only translates to a greater interest in startup employment among men. Our findings have implications for understanding the challenges startup ventures face when attracting managerial talent, how dual careers and gender affect managers' careers, and regional entrepreneurial ecosystems.
Managerial Summary
Using survey data from professional managers working in corporate headquarters, we show that being in a dual‐career household increases one's willingness and lowers the perceived risk of leaving their job and joining a startup venture—especially if the household prioritizes their spouse's career. However, the increased willingness to join a startup in households that prioritize their spouse's career is only manifest for men. These findings highlight how dual‐career households can be a talent source for startup ventures and suggest that regions with greater concentrations of dual‐career households might be especially advantageous for startup ventures. Nevertheless, our results also suggest that gender norms are an impediment for dual‐career women when considering employment in startup ventures.
Using a model-based approach, we estimated the probability that an individual, with a specified combination of risk factors, would develop lung cancer within a 5-year period. Data from 579 lung ...cancer cases and 1157 age- and sex-matched population-based controls were available for this analysis. Significant risk factors were fitted into multivariate conditional logistic regression models. The final multivariate model was combined with age-standardised lung cancer incidence data to calculate absolute risk estimates. Combinations of lifestyle risk factors were modelled to create risk profiles. For example, a 77-year-old male non-smoker, with a family history of lung cancer (early onset) and occupational exposure to asbestos has an absolute risk of 3.17% (95% CI, 1.67-5.95). Choosing a 2.5% cutoff to trigger increased surveillance, gave a sensitivity of 0.62 and specificity of 0.70, while a 6.0% cutoff gave a sensitivity of 0.34 and specificity of 0.90. A 10-fold cross validation produced an AUC statistic of 0.70, indicating good discrimination.If independent validation studies confirm these results, the LLP risk models' application as the first stage in an early detection strategy is a logical evolution in patient care.
Empirical findings across many nations show that exporters have superior productivity compared to nonexporters and that this relationship is driven by productive firms becoming exporters. The ...conclusion drawn from these studies is that there is little learning from exporting. We, however, assess if there are ex post benefits that accrue to exporting firms by examining innovation outcomes. We argue that exporters can often access diverse knowledge inputs not available in the domestic market, that this knowledge can spill back to the focal firm, and that such learning can foster increased innovation. We examine product innovation and patent application counts of a representative sample of Spanish manufacturing firms from 1990 to 1997. To conduct the analysis, we use a nonlinear GMM estimator for exponential models with panel data that allows for predetermined regressors and linear feedback. We find that exporting is associated with innovation. Moreover, the panel data allow us to explore the temporal relationship between exporting and innovation. In contrast to existing findings, we find evidence of learning by exporting—albeit in dimensions not previously examined in the literature.
Abstract
Summary
The discovery of differential gene–gene correlations across phenotypical groups can help identify the activation/deactivation of critical biological processes underlying specific ...conditions. The presented R package, provided with a count and design matrix, extract networks of group-specific interactions that can be interactively explored through a shiny user-friendly interface. For each gene–gene link, differential statistical significance is provided through robust linear regression with an interaction term.
Availability and implementation
DEGGs is implemented in R and available on GitHub at https://github.com/elisabettasciacca/DEGGs. The package is also under submission on Bioconductor.
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