The purpose of this study was to determine whether chronic administration of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) during adolescence would (1) modify any sex-specific effects of THC on learning and (2) ...affect the development of tolerance to THC as an adult. Male and female rats received daily injections of saline or 5.6 mg/kg of THC from postnatal day 35-75, yielding four groups (female/saline, female/THC, male/saline, and male/THC). Rats were then trained on a procedure that assayed both learning and performance behavior and administered 0.32-18 mg/kg of THC acutely as adults (experiment 1). THC produced rate-decreasing and error-increasing effects in both sexes; however, female rats were more sensitive than male rats were to the rate-decreasing effects. Rats were then chronically administered 10 mg/kg of THC (experiment 2). Rats that received THC during adolescence developed tolerance to the rate-decreasing effects more slowly and less completely than did rats that received saline; in addition, females developed tolerance to the error-increasing effects of THC slower than males did. Western blot analysis of brain tissue indicated long-term changes in hippocampal and striatal cannabinoid type-1 receptor (CB1R) levels despite levels that were indistinguishable immediately after chronic treatment during adolescence. Striatal CB1R levels were increased in adult rats that received THC during adolescence; hippocampal CB1R levels varied by sex. In summary, female rats were more sensitive than male rats were to the acute and chronic effects of THC, and chronic administration of THC during adolescence produced long-term changes in CB1R levels that correlated with decreased tolerance development to the rate-decreasing effects of THC.
The social complexion of Canadian cities have been irreversibly altered since the 1960s as new waves of visible minority immigrants have replaced traditional white, European, migrant flows. For ...Canada and other nations with little prior history of "racial" diversity, this development raises the prospect of racialized urban ghettoes along American lines. We address this question with "locational attainment" models estimated with census micro-data for Toronto, the only Canadian city with a large black population. Unlike previous studies, we conclude that residential settlement patterns among Blacks and South Asians, like those of recent non-English speaking white immigrants, conform rather well to the immigrant enclave model associated with conventional spatial assimilation theory. As anticipated by Logan, Alba and Zhang, however, early success in the housing market among Chinese immigrants is associated with the formation of more enduring ethnic communities. /// L'arrivée de nouvelles vagues d'immigrants issus de minorités visibles et le départ d'une immigration traditionnellement européenne et blanche, ont irrémédiablement modifié la composition sociale des villes canadiennes. Pour le Canada et les autres sociétés faiblement marquées dans leur histoire par la diversité " raciale ", ce développement a soulevé la possibilité de la création de ghettos urbains aux teintes raciales comparables à ceux observés aux États-Unis. Nous évaluons ce point à l'aide de modèles d' " accomplissement spatiale " élaborés à partir de microdonnées du recensement pour la ville de Toronto, la seule ville canadienne ayant communauté noire importante. Contrairement à des études antérieures, nous sommes arrivés à la conclusion que le processus d'établissement spatial des immigrants Noirs et de l'Asie du Sud, ainsi que celui des immigrants récents blancs ne s'exprimant pas en anglais, se conforment plutôt bien au modèle d'enclave d'immigrants associé avec le modèle classique de l'assimilation spatiale. Tel qu'anticipé par Logan, Alba et Zhang, les premiers succès dans le marché de l'habitation des immigrants chinois sont associés avec une plus grande perpétuation des communautés ethniques.
The natural history of classic mucinous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas has been previously defined. In this report, an unusual variant of a pancreatic mucinous cystic neoplasm, termed "mucinous ...pancreatic duct ectasia of latent malignancy," is described. The lesion is characterized by massive dilatation of the main pancreatic duct and its tributaries. Histologically, the ducts are lined by epithelium, which is indistinguishable from the classic mucinous cystic neoplasms. Until the natural history of classic mucinous cystic neoplasm is better documented, resection appears to be the treatment of choice.
This article seeks to address the dearth of practical examples of research in the area by proposing that critical realism be adopted as the underlying research philosophy for enterprise systems ...evaluation. We address some of the implications of adopting such an approach by discussing the evaluation and implementation of a number of automated performance measurement systems (APMS). Such systems are a recent evolution within the context of enterprise information systems. They collect operational data from integrated systems to generate values for key performance indicators, which are delivered directly to senior management. The creation and delivery of these data are fully automated, precluding manual intervention by middle or line management. Whilst these systems appear to be a logical progression in the exploitation of the available rich, real-time data, the statistics for APMS projects are disappointing. An understanding of the reasons is elusive and little researched. We describe how critical realism can provide a useful “underlabourer” for such research, by “clearing the ground a little ... removing some of the rubbish that lies in the way of knowledge” (Locke, 1894, p. 14). The implications of such an underlabouring role are investigated. Whilst the research is still underway, the article indicates how a critical realist foundation is assisting the research process.
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has both excellent sensitivity and specificity in detecting HER2 gene amplification in invasive breast carcinoma. FISH has not been widely implemented in ...clinical practice because of reagent costs and the special instrumentation and expertise required to perform and integrate the assay. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for HER2 protein is widely used, but false-positive and false-negative results are problematic. We developed a bright-field assay to visualize HER2 gene amplification and concomitant HER2 protein expression (EnzMet GenePro). This assay detects HER2 gene amplification via deposition of metallic silver by enzyme metallographytrade mark (EnzMettrade mark, Nanoprobes, Yaphank, NY) combined with HER2 protein detection by IHC using alkaline phosphatase and fast red K substrate visualization (CB11;Ventana, Tucson, AZ). The assay was performed on 94 invasive breast carcinomas, for which FISH (PathVysiontrade mark, Vysis, Downer's Grove, IL), conventional IHC (CB11), and enzyme metallography (EnzMettrade mark) results were known. The EnzMettrade mark component of the assay was scored as either HER2 gene amplified, polysomic, or nonamplified. The IHC component was scored using the conventional FDA scale of 0 to 3+. Concordance of the EnzMet component of the assay versus FISH was assessed and showed an excellent correlation (Pearson coefficient of 0.95; P < 0.001). The combination of gene and protein detection (EnzMet GenePro) displayed a specificity of 100% and an accuracy of 92.6% (95% confidence interval 85.3-97.0), facilitated recognition of gene/protein discordances, and allowed for efficient interpretation of the slide by conventional light microscopy. The interobserver kappa for each component was excellent (IHC, kappa = 0.94; and EnzMettrade mark, kappa = 0.96). EnzMet is the first bright-field ISH assay in our experience that routinely and nonambiguously detects endogenous HER2 signals, essential for a reliable clinical HER2 assay, and in combination with HER2 protein enables improved diagnosis in borderline cases.
The sub-field of biblical reception in general, and the critical study of the Bible in popular culture in particular, has experienced rapid growth in the past decade or so. The introduction, for ...example, of the journals Relegere: Studies in Religion and Reception and The Journal of the Bible and Its Reception, the annual Biblical Reception, in addition to an increasing number of monographs and edited collections, suggests that the discipline of biblical studies is expanding in new directions to address new contexts.1 One aspect of contemporary popular culture that has not been sufficiently probed by biblical scholars until now, however, is the medium of advertising. This is striking given that advertising is in many respects located at the heart of contemporary popular culture, providing the indispensable economic imperatives and compulsions around which the global media industrial complex and, conversely, everyday life is structured. Without advertising the cultural texts we consume on a daily basis-whether television shows, magazines, or webpages-would look quite different in both content and form. Adapted from the source document.
In the destructive phase of healing devitalised tissue is cleared from the wound and the focus changes to repair with the production of new, collagen-rich (scar) tissue through intense cellular ...activity. Macrophages also stimulate the production of fibroblasts at the wound site. If the supply of macrophages reduces, healing will not progress.6 Fibroblasts are the cells responsible for most collagen, elastin and fibronectin synthesis.
Alcohol activates orosensory circuits that project to motivationally relevant limbic forebrain areas that control appetite, feeding and drinking. To date, limited data exists regarding the ...contribution of chemosensory-derived ethanol reinforcement to ethanol preference and consumption. Measures of taste reactivity to intra-orally infused ethanol have not found differences in initial orofacial responses to alcohol between alcohol-preferring (P) and – nonpreferring (NP) genetically selected rat lines. Yet, in voluntary intake tests P rats prefer highly-concentrated ethanol upon initial exposure, suggesting an early sensory-mediated attraction. Here, we directly compared self-initiated chemosensory responding for alcohol and prototypic sweet, bitter, and oral trigeminal stimuli among selectively bred P, NP, and non-selected Wistar (WI) outbred lines to determine whether differential sensory responsiveness to ethanol and its putative sensory components are phenotypically associated with genetically-influenced alcohol preference. Rats were tested for immediate short-term lick responses to alcohol (3–40%), sucrose (0.01–1 M), quinine (0.01–3 mM) and capsaicin (0.003–1 mM) in a brief-access assay designed to index orosensory-guided behavior. P rats exhibited elevated short-term lick responses to both alcohol and sucrose relative to NP and WI lines across a broad range of concentrations of each stimulus and in the absence of blood alcohol levels that would produce significant postabsorptive effects. There was no consistent relationship between genetically-mediated alcohol preference and orosensory avoidance of quinine or capsaicin. These data indicate that enhanced initial chemosensory attraction to ethanol and sweet stimuli are phenotypes associated with genetic alcohol preference and are considered within the framework of downstream activation of oral appetitive reward circuits.
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