There has been no report on the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in farm animals in Mongolia. To uncover the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in chickens in Mongolia and their antimicrobial ...resistance, in this study, we isolated and characterized Campylobacter spp. from chickens in Mongolia. We collected 71 cloacal swabs of chickens from 5 farms including 4 layer farms and one broiler farm near Ulaanbaatar city and isolated 25 Campylobacter jejuni and 6 Campylobacter coli isolates. All isolates were resistant to tetracycline, and 3 C. coli isolates were resistant to erythromycin. The C. coli isolates possessed either the erm(B) gene or nucleotide substitution at nt 2,075 of 23S rDNA, both of which are known to be associated with erythromycin resistance. Sixteen of the 31 C. jejuni/C. coli isolates (51.6%) were resistant to nalidixic acid and fluoroquinolones. All the fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates possessed amino acid substitution from threonine to isoleucine at codon 86 (nucleotide substitution: ACA to ATA). Multilocus sequence typing and phylogenetic analyses showed a variation in C. jejuni/C. coli in chickens in Mongolia. In addition, some of the C. jejuni isolates seemed to be phylogenetically close to isolates in Asian and Oceanian countries. This is the first report on the characterization of antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp. in farm animals in Mongolia and is valuable for implementation of measures for a prudent use of antimicrobials in farm animals.
Information regarding the lactational performance of mares in relation to metabolic parameters can help practitioners to manipulate animal rearing management for sustainable mare milk production. The ...aim of this study was to characterize the lactational performance of Mongolian native mares grazing on natural pastureland by revealing the seasonal effects on metabolic parameters. In this study, 8 multiparous mares were used. Milk yield and composition and serum metabolic parameters, such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glucose (GLU), triacylglycerol, total cholesterol (TCH), non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), albumin, urea, total protein, cortisol (Cort), and insulin, were determined at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, and 270 days of lactation. During the lactation period, milk yield peaked at around the 90th day and declined sharply in the following period. While the milk fat and protein contents decreased gradually from the early stages of lactation to the late stages, the lactose content was highest at mid-lactation and stayed constant until the end of the lactation period. Meanwhile, changes were observed between the stages of lactation, and the differences in metabolic parameters were significant (P<0.05), except for AST and GLU. The strongest correlation was found with NEFA (P<0.01), followed by the Cort (P<0.05) concentration, with both parameters showing negative correlation, and strong positive correlation was detected between the milk yield and TCH (P<0.05) concentration.
The meat industry has received great attention in Mongolia, having over 70 million livestock, and is important to the nation’s economy. Systematic microbiological testing of carcasses has not been ...mandatorily regulated in all abattoir premises, and the efficacy of the introduction of the Good Hygiene Practice and Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) to some plants has not yet been tested microbiologically in Mongolia. Therefore, samples were collected from two establishments: plant A with an HACCP certificate from a third party and plant B without an HACCP certificate. The rates and levels of the total bacterial count (TBC) as overall hygiene indicators, the Enterobacteriaceae count (EBC) as fecal contamination indicators, and the Staphylococcus spp. count (SC) as personal hygiene indicators were determined on different parts of beef carcasses. The contamination rates in most parts were lower in plant A than in plant B (e.g., TBC in the rump and flank: 103–105 and 105–107, in plant A vs. 104–106 and 105–108 in plant B, respectively). Plant A also had a lower EBC and SC (p < 0.001). Furthermore, 2 out of 100 beef carcasses (2%) were positive for enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli as a foodborne pathogen indicator in plant A.
Previous studies indicate that increasing plant diversity in pastures may prevent mineral deficiencies or excesses in grazing animals. We tested the hypothesis by comparing traditional Mongolian ...nomadic pastoral grazing through which we expected livestock to consume more plant species, with grazing in a settled area with less plant diversity. We recorded the number and types of plant species present and the species consumed by a sub-sample of grazing sheep. We measured the mineral composition of dominant plant species, sheep wool and cattle hair. Plant species diversity in vegetation and rumen contents was greater in the nomadically grazed area than in the settled area. Animals restricted to grazing in the settled area predominantly consumed a single plant species with poor mineral balance. In contrast, the concentration of potentially toxic elements of sheep wool was lower in the nomadically grazed area. These findings suggest that nomadically grazing may improve the mineral balance of livestock through the intake of diverse plant species.
The main objective of this work was to examine the effects of using five types of commercial starter cultures in fermented sausages. During the fermentation stage, changes in proteolytic ...characteristics were observed in fermented sausages. Proteolytic activity was high in
Ls
b
+
Sc
:(
Lactobacillus sakei
+
Staphylococcus carnosus
) and
Pp
+
Sx
:(
Pediococcus pentosaceus
+
Staphylococcus xylosus
) starter-inoculated sausages during processing. Moreover, a slight increase in proteolytic activity was detected during storage in both these sausages. Sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins were also affected by this starter culture addition, during the fermentation, ripening and intense proteolysis were observed in both the fermented sausages. The content of free amino acids was similar at the beginning of the fermentation stage for all the studied batches. However, the high differences in the content of free amino acids at the end of the process could be attributed to the starter culture activity.
•The first report on the characterization of STEC isolated from cattle in Mongolia.•A variety of STEC with various O-genotypes and H-genotypes were isolated.•STEC with a higher risk of causing severe ...human disease exists in Mongolian cattle.
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are associated with severe infections including hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans. Ruminants are known as reservoirs of STEC; however, no data are available on STEC in ruminants in Mongolia, where more than 5 million cattle and 25 million sheep are raised. To disclose the existence and characteristics of STEC in Mongolia, in this study, we isolated and characterized STEC from cattle in Mongolia. We collected 350 rectal swabs of cattle from 30 farms near Ulaanbaatar city and isolated 45 STEC from 21 farms. Rectal swabs were precultured with modified Escherichia coli broth and then inoculated to Cefixime-Tellurite Sorbitol MacConkey agar plate and/or CHROMagar STEC agar plate for the isolation of STEC. The isolation ratios in each farm were from 0% to 40%. Multiplex PCR for the estimation of O- and H-serotypes identified 12 O-genotypes (Og-types) and 11 H-genotypes (Hg-types) from 45 isolates; however, Og-types of 19 isolates could not be determined. Stx gene subtyping by PCR identified 2 stx1 subtypes (1a and 1c) and 4 stx2 subtypes (2a, 2c, 2d, and 2g). Forty-five isolates were divided into 21 different groups based on the Og- and Hg-types, stx gene subtypes and the existence of virulence factors, ehxA, eae, and saa, which includes several major serotypes associated with human illness such as O26:H11 and O157:H7. The most dominant isolate, OgUT:H19 stx1a (+), stx2a (+), ehxA (+) and saa (+), was isolated from eight farms. This is the first report on the characterization of STEC in cattle in Mongolia, and the results suggest the importance of further monitoring of STEC contamination in the food chains as well as STEC infection in humans.
•Water pollution from animal waste is a current concern regarding Mongolian grazing lands.•We provided lambs with water from a different source (upper stream, lower stream, well, and pond).•Lambs ...that drank lower stream water showed increases in pathogenic E. coli infection, clinical diarrhea, and WBC count.•Water intake was lowest in the lambs given well water, suggesting that they avoided drinking the water.•Our study revealed the profound nature of the effects of water quality on livestock health and performance.
Water pollution from animal waste, and its influence on grazing animals, is a current concern regarding Mongolian grazing lands. We allocated 32 free-grazing lambs to four groups and provided each with water from a different source (upper stream, lower stream, well, and pond) for 49 days. We recorded the amount of water consumed by the lambs, as well as their body weight, white blood cell count, acute phase (haptoglobin) protein level, and fecal condition. We measured the chemical and biological qualities of the four types of water, and we detected enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in fecal samples by using a genetic approach. Pond water contained high levels of nitrogen and minerals, and well water contained high levels of bacteria. On day 15 of the experiment, the following parameters were the highest in lambs drinking water from the following sources: water intake (pond or lower stream), body weight gain (pond), WBC count (lower stream), haptoglobin concentration (well), and enteropathogenic E. coli infection rate (lower stream). Lambs given upper or lower stream water exhibited more severe diarrhea on day 15 of the experiment than before the experiment. Mongolian sheep seemed to adapt to chemically contaminated water: their productivity benefited the most from pond water, likely owing to its rich mineral content. Lambs that drank lower stream water showed increases in enteropathogenic E. coli infection, clinical diarrhea, and WBC count. Water intake was lowest in the lambs given well water, suggesting that they avoided drinking the water because of potential E. coli infection; they were thus at increased risk of negative health and production effects. Our study revealed the profound nature of the effects of water quality on livestock health and performance.
Previously, we characterised the presence of ubiquitin and some ubiquitinated proteins (conjugates), which were considered as ubiquitin conjugates in the sarcoplasmic fraction of postmortem skeletal ...and cardiac muscles using SDS–PAGE and Western blot. In this study, an ubiquitin conjugate around 27
kDa was subjected to identification. The N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis generated by Edman degradation resulted in a 13 amino acid sequence (KIQFTVPLLEPHL), which is similar to that of Protein Phosphatase Inhibitor 1. Based on this result, Western blot analysis was performed by using a polyclonal antibody for Protein Phosphatase Inhibitor 1 and the conjugate was recognised and reacted clearly. Thus, the ubiquitinated protein around 27
kDa is identified as Protein Phosphatase Inhibitor 1.
Recently, we have identified the ubiquitin conjugate, protein phosphatase inhibitor 1 (I1), from postmortem muscles. Since I1 is one of the important regulators of glycogen metabolism, the effect of ...this conjugate (Ub-I1) present in postmortem muscle on glycolysis was investigated. Two sample groups were distinguishable: those not containing Ub-I1 (I, n=5)and those containing Ub-I1 (II, n=27). Due to the enormous variation in ultimate pH at 48 h postmortem, the latter group was subcategorized into a IIa group showing lower or normal pH and a IIb group showing higher or dark, firm, dry meat pH. Postmortem glycolysis occurred rapidly and vigorously among group I samples. The rate and extent of postmortem glycolysis was typical in group IIa samples while it was slower and weaker in group IIb samples although they had similar glycolytic potential. This discrepancy between sample groups IIa and IIb corresponded to the Ub-I1 abundance. Thus, the relative Ub-I1 abundance appears to correlate with postmortem glycolysis.
Current research was performed to determine the yield and composition of milk during entire lactation period, which lasts June to February of following year and describe fit of lactation curve using ...different mathematical models. Total 8 mares, aged from 5 to 12 years were used in the study. The total milk yield, calculated by Fleischmann's method, as well as the models were various and shape of curves for Linear, Quadratic, Cubic, and Quartic equations, and Wood's curve were different. The determination index (R2) of the milk yield and composition curve models ranged from 0.474-0.987, and R2 of Quartic curve model for milk yield (0.987) was the highest. Study result showed that the above models were able to describe the lactation curve of the milk yield and composition, and the Quartic model best fit to data collected from Mongolian mare and allowed a suitable description of the shape and dynamics of curve.
Бэлчээрийн маллагаатай Монгол гүүний лактацын муруйн загварчлал
Монгол гүүний саалийн нийт хугацаанд буюу VI сараас дараа жилийн III сар хүртэл саамны гарц, найрлагын хэмжээг үндэслэн математик загваруудаар лактацын муруй байгуулах, монгол гүүний лактацын муруйд хамгийн нийцэл сайтай загварыг сонгон тодорхойлох зорилгоор энэхүү ажлыг хийж гүйцэтгэлээ. Судалгаанд 5-12 насны 8 гүүг ашиглав. Сүүний нийт гарц, найрлагын хэмжээг Вүүд (Wood’s)-ын загвар болон шугаман, шугаман бус регрессын тэгшитгэлээр загварчлахад лактацын муруйн загварууд харилцан адилгүй байв. Саамны гарц, найрлагын муруйн загваруудын детерминацийн индекс (R2) нь 0.474-0.987-ийн хооронд хэлбэлзэж, биквадрат загварын хувьд хамгийн нийцэл өндөр буюу 0.987 байв. Судалгааны үр дүнд дээрх аргуудаар саамны гарц, найрлагын лактацын муруйг загварчлах боломжтой нь харагдаж байсан ба эдгээрээс биквадрат тэгшитгэлийн загвар нь бэлчээрийн маллагаатай монгол гүүний саамны өгөгдөлтэй хамгийн сайн нийцэж, лактацын муруйн хэлбэр, хөдлөлзүйн хувьд тохирч байв.
Түлхүүр үг: саамны гарц, саамны найрлага, лактацын муруй
PDF
