The influence of the substrate temperature and the flux of In adatoms on the structural and optical characteristics of InAs quantum dots with a low surface density is experimentally studied. An ...increase in the substrate temperature under conditions of a high flux of In adatoms promotes an increase in their surface migration and a certain decrease in the density of the array of quantum dots (down to ~(1–2) × 10
10
cm
–2
), however, in this case a significant short-wavelength shift of the photoluminescence spectrum is observed despite an increase in lateral sizes of dots. A decrease in the incident flux of In adatoms at optimal substrate temperatures makes it possible to reduce the dot density more efficiently (down to ~(1–2) × 10
9
cm
–2
).
Data on the biochemical composition and caloric content of common species of the zoobenthos of the western Kamchatka shelf were estimated for the entire body of an organism together with the ...integument and separately for muscle tissue. Estimates of the gross biomass of zoobenthos at different trophic levels calculated from bottom trawl and dredge sampling data, taking the isotope composition of benthic invertebrates into account, showed that the proportion of zoobenthos at the second trophic level was approximately 87%, while at the subsequent trophic levels it only slightly exceeded 13%. More than 70% of the energy was concentrated in valuable forage species. The total amount of energy at the second trophic level was 77.8%, while at the third and fourth levels it was 22.2%.
A complex bottom trawl survey (430 stations) was conducted over all of the shelf and continental slope (within a depth range of 10–750 m) in the Russian waters of the Sea of Japan from April 1 to ...July 8, 2015. A total of 211 taxa of invertebrates were recorded from trawl catches. The most widely represented of them were starfish (36), shrimps (32), gastropods (27), bivalves (23), brachyuran and anomuran crabs (11), polychaetes (11), coral polyps (10), and sponges (10). The total recorded biomass of macrozoobenthos in benthic biotopes of the northern Sea of Japan reached 1 572 500 t (136 600 t in Peter the Great Bay, 341 500 t in the Southern Primorye area, 686 000 t in the northern Primorye area, and 408 400 t in the Western Sakhalin subzone), which is higher than the mean long-term level. The total stock of commercial invertebrates was estimated at 630 000 t. Its largest portion (265 200 t, or 42.1%) was concentrated in the northern Primorye area (western Tatar Strait). The mean specific biomass of the trawl macrozoobenthos constituted 13.5 ± 1.1 g/m
2
(including 6.3 ± 0.5 g/m
2
of commercial benthic species). The most abundant groups were brittle stars (372 200 t), brachyuran crabs (231 600 t), anomuran crabs (48 700 t), shrimps (226 900 t), sponges (182 900 t), sea lilies (167 500 t), starfish (77 200 t), sea urchins (59 000 t), and bivalves (49 500 t). The vertical distribution of the total benthos and its commercial portion was characterized by maxima in the upper shelf (10–50 m) and within a depth range of 300–400 m. In the northwestern Sea of Japan, 18 biocenotic complexes of trawl macrozoobenthos were identified. The largest areas were occupied by the group of the sedentary seston-feeding sea lily
Heliometra glacialis
(biomass 5.5 g/m
2
, depth range of 104–692 m, 131 stations), the group of the polyphagous snow crab
Chionoecetes opilio
(4.4 g/m
2
, 27–552 m, 71 stations), the group of the mobile seston-feeding basket star
Gorgonocephalus eucnemis
(6.6 g/m
2
, 58–372 m, 40 stations), and the group of the polyphagous pale yellow sea urchin
Strongylocentrotus pallidus
(4.7 g/m
2
, 17–351 m, 40 stations).
The composition of common species in some macrozoobenthos groups that are considered as potential indicators of vulnerable marine ecosystems (VME), in the Anadyr Bay area, Bering Sea have been ...determined based on the results of four benthic surveys using a benthic grab sampler (1985, 2005) and a bottom trawl (2008, 2012). These are soft corals (
Gersemia rubiformis
), sponges (
Myxilla incrustans
,
Halichondria panicea
, and
Semisuberites cribrosa
), ascidians (
Halocynthia aurantium
and
Boltenia ovifera
), bryozoans (
Cystisella saccata
and
Flustra foliacea
), barnacles (
Chirona evermanni
), and the brittle star (
Gorgonocephalus eucnemis
). The distribution of these animals has been mapped. Aggregations of immobile sestonophages (the former five groups) are formed on hard coarse-grained and mixed sediments in waters with higher hydrodynamic activity (along the southwestern and northeastern coasts of the Anadyr Bay, mainly at depths of 80–90 m). In some cases, sponges and bryozoans in the southern part of the area can descend to a depth of 250 m (in the Navarin Canyon). The mobile filterer
G. eucnemis
forms aggregations mainly on soft sediments in the central part of Anadyr Bay, at depths of 50–270 m, in the area of a localized spot of near-bottom cold water. According to the results of trawl surveys conducted in 2008 and 2012, the mean biomass of the sponges, the brittle star
G. eucnemis
, and the sea squirt
B. ovifera
did not change, whereas the mean biomass of the barnacle
Ch. evermanni
and sea peach
H. aurantium
decreased by 6.5 and 3.7 times, respectively. Since the level of trawl fishing activity in the region is not high, the hypothesis has been proposed that the decrease in the abundance of the latter two species is presumably caused by the natural dynamics of their population or can be related to the factor of randomness, as these species are caught in their mosaically distributed local aggregations.
Specific features of the fabrication of AlGaAs/GaAs single-junction photovoltaic cells with an array of quantum dots (QDs) by molecular beam epitaxy have been studied. It was shown for the first time ...that, in principle, vertically coupled QDs can be incorporated, with no dislocations formed, into the structure of photovoltaic cells without any noticeable deterioration of the structural quality of the
p-n
junction. Owing to the additional absorption of the long-wavelength part of the solar spectrum in the QD medium and to the subsequent effective separation of photogenerated carriers, a ∼1% increase in the short-circuit current density
J
sc
was demonstrated for the first time in the world for photovoltaic cells with QDs. The maximum efficiency of the photovoltaic cells was 18.3% in conversion of the unconcentrated ground level solar spectrum AM1.5G.
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