Gingivo-buccal oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC-GB), an anatomical and clinical subtype of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), is prevalent in regions where tobacco-chewing is common. ...Exome sequencing (n=50) and recurrence testing (n=60) reveals that some significantly and frequently altered genes are specific to OSCC-GB (USP9X, MLL4, ARID2, UNC13C and TRPM3), while some others are shared with HNSCC (for example, TP53, FAT1, CASP8, HRAS and NOTCH1). We also find new genes with recurrent amplifications (for example, DROSHA, YAP1) or homozygous deletions (for example, DDX3X) in OSCC-GB. We find a high proportion of C>G transversions among tobacco users with high numbers of mutations. Many pathways that are enriched for genomic alterations are specific to OSCC-GB. Our work reveals molecular subtypes with distinctive mutational profiles such as patients predominantly harbouring mutations in CASP8 with or without mutations in FAT1. Mean duration of disease-free survival is significantly elevated in some molecular subgroups. These findings open new avenues for biological characterization and exploration of therapies.
Thin film solar cells of antimony sulfide selenide in the cell structures of: (i) FTO/CdS (120 nm)/Sb2S0.6Se2.4 (500 nm)/C-Ag and (ii) FTO/CdS (120 nm)/Sb2S1.4Se1.6 (500 nm)/C-Ag are found to reach ...solar-to-electric energy conversion efficiency (η) exceeding 5%. Here FTO was F-doped SnO2 thin films of sheet resistance 7 Ω; CdS thin films were prepared by chemical bath deposition at 80 °C from solutions of cadmium nitrate and thiourea; thin films of Sb2SxSe3-x were prepared from powder mixtures of Sb2S3 and Sb2Se3 in vacuum thermal evaporation; and CAg were colloidal graphite electrodes on which colloidal silver paint was applied and dried. The absorber layers in solar cells have optical bandgap 1.40 eV (Sb2S0.6Se2.4) – 1.43 eV (Sb2S1.4Se1.6) and photoconductivity, 10−5 Ω−1 cm−1. Averaged Solar cell parameters for (i) are: open circuit voltage (Voc), 0.476 V; short circuit current density, 21.7 mA/cm2; Fill Factor (FF), 0.50; and η, 5.16%; and for (ii) the corresponding values are: 0.500 V; 22.4 mA/cm2; 0.47; and 5.26% reporting on cell area 0.5 cm2. The best among solar cell (i) has η of 5.7% and (ii) is of 5.5%. Prototype modules consisting of seven series-connected solar cells, each of 1 cm2 in area of (ii) are: Voc, 3.2 V; short circuit current, 21.1 mA; FF, 0.39; η, 4.1% for active area (7 cm2) and power, 28.8 mW. This module is able to light-up under the sun, blue light emitting diode of 20 mW nominal power at 2.75–3.0 V. Overall prospects for further work on these solar cells are discussed.
•Antimony sulfide selenide thin film solar cells of efficiency above 5% are reported.•Prototype modules have open circuit voltage of 3.5 V and efficiency 4%.•Under the sun each prototype lights-up a blue LED of 20–25 mW power.
•Heating of SnS-SnCl2 produces p-SnS thin films with grain growth.•These SnS films have optical and electrical properties suitable for solar cell.•Heating of SnS film in S-vapor converts it to ...n-Sn2S3.•Light generated current density of 32 mA/cm2 predicted for p-SnS/n-Sn2S3 solar cell.
Post-deposition heat treatments of chemically deposited SnS-orthorhombic thin films at 450 °C in a controlled ambient greatly influence their structural, morphological, compositional, optical and electrical properties. Heating of the film with a tin chloride layer (90 nm in thickness) produced by thermal evaporation led to an increased crystalline grain diameter (23 nm) in the film, with characteristics suitable for solar cell application: a bandgap (Eg) of 1.2 eV (indirect), p-type electrical conductivity of 10–3 Ω–1 cm–1, hole concentration of 1015 cm–3 and hole mobility of 2.4 cm2/(V s). However, heating the SnS film in a controlled S-vapour ambient converted it to Sn2S3 with a crystalline grain diameter of 24 nm, Eg of 1.2 eV (direct), n-type electrical conductivity of 3.4 × 10–3 Ω–1 cm–1, and an electron concentration of 1016 cm–3. Optical absorption spectra of these materials suggest a photo-generated current density (JL) of 32 mA/cm2 under air mass 1.5 Global (1000 W/m2) solar radiation for either material for a thickness of 600 nm, which is attractive for solar cells.
Solar drying of produce F on mesh M irradiated through cellular polycarbonate (PC) with a copper chalcogenide UV-Blue optical filter.
Display omitted
•Chemically deposited copper chalcogenide ...coatings for novel solar drying.•They are degenerate semiconductors with zero UV transmittance and high absorption.•UV filtered solar drying benefits from nearly 850 W/m2 of solar energy in the bin.•Methodology for large-scale batch production of coatings in cellular polycarbonate.
We analyze the suitability of copper chalcogenide (sulfide/selenide) thin films applied by chemical deposition on cellular polycarbonate sheet (8 mm cell-size, 0.6 mm wall thickness) 130 cm × 122 cm in area in UV-blue filtered solar dehydration of farm produce. The optical bandgap of 1.5 eV of these semiconductors causes the optical transmittance of the coated sheets to drop toward zero for solar radiation of wavelengths shorter than 500 nm. A high p-type electrical conductivity, 2 × 103 Ω−1 cm−1 of the coatings brings-in metal-like optical reflectance (>0.5) in the near infrared and a very low optical transmittance (<0.05) for a free-carrier optical absorption coefficient of 105 cm−1 at 2500 nm. The coated sheet acting as a UV-Blue filter and protected by an adhesive ‘food-safe’ polyethylene foil, provides a solar radiation intensity of above 800 W/m2 in the dryer tray, and facilitates a temperature of 48 °C over the produce. Solar dehydration of sliced apples in 210 min, which occurred in such condition, provided it a ‘shelf life’ of over 8 months to date. The cellular geometry of the polycarbonate sheet makes it a sturdy cover in solar drying and inhibits convective thermal loss from the dryer tray. We report preliminary results on the kinetics of dehydration of apple slices under four modes of solar drying.
Freeze dried MnO2/PEDOT: PSS sponges.
•Cost effective freeze dried electrodes using PEDOT: PSS/MnO2 is prepared.•Mass capacitance is found to be 1068Fg−1.•Electrodes showed superior stability even at ...the end of 2000 cycles.
The present study investigates in detail the synthesis and characterization of PEDOT: PSS/MnO2 hybrid sponge electrodes for supercapacitor/battery applications. These hybrid sponges were prepared using freeze drying technique and showed hierarchical pores ranging from micron to nanometric size. Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray showed uniform dispersion of MnO2 along the PEDOT: PSS matrix. Thermo gravimetric-differential thermal analysis showed higher thermal stability for these hybrid constructs compared to PEDOT: PSS sponges. From the electrochemical studies, an intrinsic correlation between overall specific capacitance, morphology and weight percentage of MnO2 in the PEDOT: PSS matrix has been defined and explained in KOH electrolyte system. High cyclic stability was observed at the end of 2000 cycles for these hybrid sponges with less than 5 % capacitance fading. These sponges exhibit mass specific capacitance values as high as 10688Fg−1 which was found to be 35% higher compare to PEDOT: PSS sponges as obtained from Weibull statistics. The application of these electrodes was explored in a fully functional asymmetric coin cell unit where an energy and power density of 200mWhkg−1 and 6.4kWkg−1, was obtained, respectively.
Stibnite (Sb2S3) is a major mineral of antimony, which occurs as large crystals often with minor encrustations of other minerals. Locally sourced powdered stibnite containing some quartzite (SiO2) ...and ferrosilite (FeSiO3) has been used in this work as evaporation source for vacuum deposition of thin film solar cells. The added minerals were left as residue in the crucible and did not incorporate into the Sb2S3 thin film. To stibnite powder was added Sb2Se3 powder prepared in our laboratory as chemical precipitate. Source mixtures of different weight – by – weight (w/w) ratios gave thin films of chemical composition Sb2SxSe3−x and optical band gap (Eg) within 1.38eV (Sb2Se3) – 1.88eV (Sb2S3). Solar cells of SnO2:F/CdS (100nm)/Sb2S3(250nm)/C-Ag prepared by using stibnite as evaporation source gave under standard conditions, open circuit voltage (Voc), 0.668V; short circuit current density (Jsc), 6.95mA/cm2; and conversion efficiency (η), 1.62%. For a 2:1 (w/w) mixture of stibnite:Sb2Se3, solar cell of Sb2S2.14Se0.86 (Eg 1.61eV) was obtained with Voc, 0.562V; Jsc, 13.53mA/cm2 and η, 4.03%. For 1:5 (w/w) mixture, solar cell of Sb2S0.5Se2.5 (Eg 1.44eV) gave Voc, 0.443V; Jsc, 22.31mA/cm2 and η, 4.24%. Electrical conductivity of the Sb2SxSe3−x absorber films in the dark increased from 10−8 to 10−6Ω−1cm−1 and their photoconductivity, from 10−6 to 10−5Ω−1cm−1 as the composition changed from Sb2S3 to Sb2SxSe3−x and Sb2Se3. Direct use of an abundant mineral as the evaporation source in thin film solar cell technology is a novelty.
•Direct use of stibnite ore-mineral of Sb2S3 to produce solar cells of 1.6% efficiency•Stibnite mineral and Sb2Se3 precipitate source-mix used for solar cells of 4.2% efficiency•Variable electrical conductivity and Eg 1.38–1.61eV in Sb2SxSe3−x from stibnite – Sb2Se3
PDF
