•We perform a systematic mapping on QoS approaches in the IoT.•We have evaluated 2809 papers with 162 chosen for the mapping.•Approaches are classified by focus area, research type, contribution type ...and quality factors.•We identify and discuss several research gaps in the current literature.
In an Internet of Things (IoT) environment, the existence of a huge number of heterogeneous devices, which are potentially resource-constrained and/or mobile has led to quality of service (QoS) concerns. Quality approaches have been proposed at various layers of the IoT architecture and take into consideration a number of different QoS factors. This paper evaluates the current state of the art of proposed QoS approaches in the IoT, specifically: (1) What layers of the IoT architecture have had the most research on QoS? (2) What quality factors do the quality approaches take into account when measuring performance? (3) What types of research have been conducted in this area? We have conducted a systematic mapping using a number of automated searches from the most relevant academic databases to address these questions. This mapping has identified a number of state of the art approaches which provides a good reference for researchers. The paper also identifies a number of gaps in the research literature at specific layers of the IoT architecture. It identifies which quality factors, research and contribution facets have been underutilised in the state of the art.
•Identified 105 ‘Prominent CNV regions’ for ASD that were located across 56 loci and 20 chromosomes encompassing 537 genes.•Chromosome 16 contained highest ‘Prominent CNV regions’ followed by ...chromosomes 2 and 7.•ASD CNV genes formed significant functional networks; 80% of protein–protein interactions had neuronal functions.•Syndromic and rare CNV region genes had the highest neuronal attributes, especially loci 4p16.3, 9q34.3, 7q11.23, 17p11.2.•CNV genes and SFARI’s ‘ASD genes’ influenced common molecular pathways and could be better targets for drug development.
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are caused by disrupted neurodevelopment leading to socio-communication and behavioural abnormalities. Although genetic anomalies like Copy Number Variations (CNV) have been implicated in ASD, their overall genomic landscape and pathogenicity remain elusive. Therefore, we created a CNV map for ASD using 9337 cases and 5650 controls from SFARI database, statistically marked genomic regions with high and low frequencies of CNVs (i.e., common and rare CNV regions respectively), performed gene function enrichment for CNV genes, built functional networks, pathways and examined their expression in brain tissues. Information thus obtained were cumulatively integrated using a weighted scoring strategy to rank CNV regions by their neuro-functional attributes. Subsequently, we mapped 105 genic CNV regions across 20 chromosomes. They encompassed 537 genes, of which only 59 (11%) genes were identified with Single Nucleotide Variations (SNV) in ASD subjects through sequencing and functional studies, which indicated that diverse sets of genes were affected by CNVs and SNVs in ASD. Overall, syndromic CNV regions displayed the most prominent neuronal functions. While common CNV regions were found in loci 15q11.2, 16p11.2, 22q11.21, 15q13.2–13.3, rare CNV regions in loci 4p16.3, 9q34.3, 7q11.23, 17p11.2 contributed significantly to protein interaction networks and were highly expressed in brain. Enriched CNV genes were clustered in six functional categories with either direct roles in neurodevelopment or auxiliary roles like cellular signalling via MAPK pathway, cytoskeletal organization and transport or immune regulation. Mechanisms through which these molecular systems could independently or in combination trigger an ASD phenotype were predicted.
Mate recognition is a critical and often complex step in the premating reproductive behaviour of most organisms. Drosophila relies on multiple signal modalities such as visual, auditory, gustatory ...and olfactory cues for mate recognition. To understand the evolution and function of these signal modalities, the production and reception of these signals must be tested individually. Ablation of a single sensory channel of males and females can help us understand the role of individual modalities in successful mate recognition and copulation. In addition to ablation, measuring the courtship timing, such as courtship latency and courtship duration, will allow us to identify the stage of the courtship at which a particular signal is acting. Our study focused on Drosophila nasuta, a species belonging to the nasuta subgroup of Drosophila, which comprises a dozen morphologically similar species at different levels of reproductive isolation. We conducted no-choice mating experiments using two species of the nasuta subgroup to study the sequence of courtship behaviour. We did not observe any discernible variation in the sequence of courtship behaviour between species. We also performed no-choice mating experiments by ablating a single signal modality in D. nasuta and recorded the courtship index. Our experiments revealed that mate recognition was multimodal: eliminating visual and chemosensory signals eliminated copulation, making these signals essential for mating. Ablation of auditory cues did not affect the courtship frequency but significantly reduced the copulation frequency. Measuring courtship latency and duration allowed us to identify whether individual signals play a role in initiating courtship or stimulating the female to mate. We hypothesize that the females use visual cues to identify the type of pollinosity the males have on their forehead. The failure of mating in the absence of chemosensory cues is possibly due to the rapid interspecies divergence of chemosensory receptors and the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles.
•Removal of visual and chemosensory cues eliminated copulation in Drosophila nasuta.•Removal of auditory cues significantly reduced copulation.•Removal of auditory cues significantly increased courtship duration.•Auditory and chemosensory cues showed sex-specific effects on courtship success.
The crosses between closely related
Drosophila
species usually produce sterile hybrid males with spermatogenesis disrupted at post-meiotic phase, especially in sperm individualization stage than ...the pre-meiotic stage. This is possibly due to the rapid interspecies divergence of male sex and reproduction-related genes. Here we annotated 11 key spermatogenesis genes in 35 strains of species belonging to
nasuta
-subgroup of
Drosophila
, where many interspecies crosses produce sterile males. We characterized the divergence and polymorphism in the protein coding regions by employing gene-wide, codon-wide, and lineage-specific selection analysis to test the mode and strength of selection acting on these genes. Our analysis showed signature of positive selection at
bag of marbles (bam)
and
benign gonial cell neoplasma (bgcn)
despite the selection constrains and the absence of endosymbiont infection which could potentially drive rapid divergence due to an arms race while
roughex
(
rux)
showed lineage-specific rapid divergence in frontal sheen complex of
nasuta
-subgroup.
cookie monster
(
comr
) showed rapid divergence consistent with the possibility of meiotic arrest observed in sterile hybrids of
Drosophila
species. Rapid divergence observed at
don juan
(
dj)
and
Mst98Ca-like
was consistent with fused sperm-tail abnormality observed in the hybrids of
Drosophila nasuta
and
Drosophila albomicans
. These findings highlight the potential role of rapid nucleotide divergence in bringing about hybrid incompatibility in the form of male sterility; however, additional genetic manipulation studies can widen our understanding of hybrid incompatibilities. Furthermore, our study emphasizes the importance of young species belonging to
nasuta
-subgroup of
Drosophila
in studying post-zygotic reproductive isolation mechanisms.
Mental Healthcare Act (MHCA) 2017 is the current legislation overseeing and protecting the mental healthcare of patients with mental illness. All professionals working with this vulnerable patient ...population must abide by this legislation. This article is an attempt to make a case for the need for a "Code of Practice" (CoP) as a statutory guidance document to help all stakeholders in implementing the legislation. It is argued that the CoP is essential to effectively safeguard the rights and autonomy of the patients and to safeguard professionals from uneasy repercussions from unintended mistakes in implementing the legislation.
Tumor cells use preexisting prosurvival signaling pathways to evade the damaging and cytotoxic effects of anticancer agents. Radiation therapy is a primary form of cytotoxic anticancer treatment, but ...agents that successfully modify the radiation response in vivo are lacking. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are global gene regulators that play critical roles in oncogenesis and have been found to regulate prosurvival pathways. However, there is little understanding of how cellular miRNA expression affects the response of a cancer to cytotoxic therapy and ultimately outcome. The let-7 family of miRNAs regulates expression of oncogenes, such as RAS, and is specifically down-regulated in many cancer subtypes. In fact, low levels of let-7 predict a poor outcome in lung cancer. Here, we report that the let-7 family of miRNAs is overrepresented in a class of miRNAs exhibiting altered expression in response to radiation. More strikingly, we also can create a radiosensitive state when the select let-7 family of miRNAs is overexpressed in vitro in lung cancer cells and in vivo in a Caenorhabditis elegans model of radiation-induced cell death, whereas decreasing their levels causes radioresistance. In C. elegans, we show that this is partly through control of the proto-oncogene homologue let-60/RAS and genes in the DNA damage response pathway. These findings are the first direct evidence that miRNAs can suppress resistance to anticancer cytotoxic therapy, a common feature of cancer cells, and suggest that miRNAs may be a viable tool to augment current cancer therapies.
An understanding of the genetic basis of asthma Bijanzadeh, Mahdi; Mahesh, Padukudru A; Ramachandra, Nallur B
Indian journal of medical research (New Delhi, India : 1994),
08/2011, Letnik:
134, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Asthma is the most common chronic childhood disease in developed nations and its prevalence has increased in the world over the last 25 years. It is a complex disease with both genetic and ...environmental risk factors. Asthma is caused by multiple interacting genes, some having a protective effect and others contributing to the disease pathogenesis, with each gene having its own tendency to be influenced by the environment. This article reviews the current state of the genetics of asthma in six categories, viz. epidemiology, management, aetiology, family and twin studies, segregation and linkage studies, and candidate genes and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
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