Obesity and cancer pathogenesis Berger, Nathan A.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,
April 2014, Letnik:
1311, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Overweight and obesity have reached pandemic levels on a worldwide basis and are associated with increased risk and worse prognosis for many but not all malignancies. Pathophysiologic processes that ...affect this association are reviewed, with a focus on the relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and cancer, lessons learned from the use of murine models to study the association, the impact of obesity on pancreatic cancer, the effects of dietary fats and cholesterol on cancer promotion, and the mechanisms by which the intestinal microbiome affects obesity and cancer.
We present a data-driven approach to determine the memory kernel and random noise in generalized Langevin equations. To facilitate practical implementations, we parameterize the kernel function in ...the Laplace domain by a rational function, with coefficients directly linked to the equilibrium statistics of the coarse-grain variables. We show that such an approximation can be constructed to arbitrarily high order and the resulting generalized Langevin dynamics can be embedded in an extended stochastic model without explicit memory. We demonstrate how to introduce the stochastic noise so that the second fluctuation-dissipation theorem is exactly satisfied. Results from several numerical tests are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Viral infection is a major contributor to the global cancer burden. Recent advances have revealed that seven known oncogenic viruses promote tumorigenesis through shared host cell targets and ...pathways. A comprehensive understanding of the principles of viral oncogenesis may enable the identification of unknown infectious aetiologies of cancer and the development of therapeutic or preventive strategies for virus-associated cancers. In this Review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of viral oncogenesis in humans. We highlight recent advances in understanding how viral manipulation of host cellular signalling, DNA damage responses, immunity and microRNA targets promotes the initiation and development of cancer.
Nickel hydride complexes, defined herein as any molecules bearing a nickel hydrogen bond, are crucial intermediates in numerous nickel-catalyzed reactions. Some of them are also synthetic models of ...nickel-containing enzymes such as NiFe-hydrogenase. The overall objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of this specific type of hydride complexes, which has been studied extensively in recent years. This review begins with the significance and a very brief history of nickel hydride complexes, followed by various methods and spectroscopic or crystallographic tools used to synthesize and characterize these complexes. Also discussed are stoichiometric reactions involving nickel hydride complexes and how some of these reactions are developed into catalytic processes.
Organic Photoredox Catalysis Romero, Nathan A; Nicewicz, David A
Chemical reviews,
09/2016, Letnik:
116, Številka:
17
Journal Article
Recenzirano
In this review, we highlight the use of organic photoredox catalysts in a myriad of synthetic transformations with a range of applications. This overview is arranged by catalyst class where the ...photophysics and electrochemical characteristics of each is discussed to underscore the differences and advantages to each type of single electron redox agent. We highlight both net reductive and oxidative as well as redox neutral transformations that can be accomplished using purely organic photoredox-active catalysts. An overview of the basic photophysics and electron transfer theory is presented in order to provide a comprehensive guide for employing this class of catalysts in photoredox manifolds.
Objective
The purpose of this article is to review the association of the obesity pandemic with appearance of cancers in young adults under age 50 and to define potential mechanisms by which obesity ...may accelerate the development of malignancy.
Methods
A comprehensive narrative review was performed to integrate preclinical, clinical, and epidemiologic evidence describing the association of obesity with cancer in young adults based on a search of PubMed and Google databases.
Results
Results from more than 100 publications are summarized. Although they differ in age groups analyzed and incidence of obesity, sufficient data exists to suggest an influence of the obesity pandemic on the increase of cancer among young adults.
Conclusions
Cancer in young adults is occurring with increasing frequency. Overweight and obesity have become major public health issues reaching pandemic proportions. Excess weight is associated with increased cancer risk, morbidity, and mortality. Multiple murine models indicate that obesity not only increases cancer incidence but also accelerates its development. Thus, the possibility exists that overweight and obesity may be contributing to the appearance of specific malignancies at younger ages. This prospect, in association with the worldwide expansion of obesity, suggests an impending explosive increase in obesity‐associated cancers in young adults.
The ongoing pandemic has demonstrated the utility of widespread surveillance and diagnostic detection of the novel SARS-CoV-2. Reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) ...has enabled broader testing, but current LAMP tests only detect single targets and require separate reactions for controls. With flu season in the Northern Hemisphere, the ability to screen for multiple targets will be increasingly important, and the ability to include internal controls in RT-LAMP allows for improved efficiency. Here we describe multiplexed RT-LAMP with four targets (SARS-CoV-2, influenza A, influenza B, human RNA) in a single reaction using real-time and end point fluorescence detection. Such increased functionality of RT-LAMP will enable even broader adoption of this molecular testing approach and aid in the fight against this public health threat.
This study describes enhancing loop-mediated isothermal amplification through multiplexed real-time and end point detection of SARS-CoV-2 combined with influenza and control targets. By enabling multiple target detection, loop-mediated isothermal amplification can be even more widely used for diagnostics in settings where multiple viral targets are potential infectious agents and where higher-throughput testing is advantageous.
Nucleic acid amplification is the basis for many molecular diagnostic assays. In these cases, the amplification product must be detected and analyzed, typically requiring extended workflow time, ...sophisticated equipment, or both. Here we present a novel method of amplification detection that harnesses the pH change resulting from amplification reactions performed with minimal buffering capacity. In loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) reactions, we achieved rapid (<30 min) and sensitive (<10 copies) visual detection using pH-sensitive dyes. Additionally, the detection can be performed in real time, enabling high-throughput or quantitative applications. We also demonstrate this visual detection for another isothermal amplification method (strand-displacement amplification), PCR, and reverse transcription LAMP (RT-LAMP) detection of RNA. The colorimetric detection of amplification presented here represents a generally applicable approach for visual detection of nucleic acid amplification, enabling molecular diagnostic tests to be analyzed immediately without the need for specialized and expensive instrumentation.
Over the past several decades, organometallic cross-coupling chemistry has developed into one of the most reliable approaches to assemble complex aromatic compounds from preoxidized starting ...materials. More recently, transition metal–catalyzed carbon-hydrogen activation has circumvented the need for preoxidized starting materials, but this approach is limited by a lack of practical amination protocols. Here, we present a blueprint for aromatic carbon-hydrogen functionalization via photoredox catalysis and describe the utility of this strategy for arene amination. An organic photoredox-based catalyst system, consisting of an acridinium photooxidant and a nitroxyl radical, promotes site-selective amination of a variety of simple and complex aromatics with heteroaromatic azoles of interest in pharmaceutical research. We also describe the atom-economical use of ammonia to form anilines, without the need for prefunctionalization of the aromatic component.
In this review we examine the literature related to emerging technologies that will help to reshape the clinical microbiology laboratory. These topics include nucleic acid amplification tests such as ...isothermal and point-of-care molecular diagnostics, multiplexed panels for syndromic diagnosis, digital PCR, next-generation sequencing, and automation of molecular tests. We also review matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) and electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry methods and their role in identification of microorganisms. Lastly, we review the shift to liquid-based microbiology and the integration of partial and full laboratory automation that are beginning to impact the clinical microbiology laboratory.
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